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Red Hook Lane Arresick is a revolutionary war burial ground in Red Hook, Brooklyn. During the Battle of Brooklyn, General Stirling's retreating forces fought a rearguard action. Continental Army riflemen fleeing the destruction of Fort Defiance fired shots at British troops advancing on the Carnarsie Indian path through Gowanus, killing a Lt. Colonel and his aide.[1] They and the Pennsylvanian rifleman who shot them are buried together nearby on the path later called Red Hook Lane.[2]

Fort Defiance

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the Battle of Brooklyn
Red Hook, View of Buttermilk channel

Cypress Tree Island was a tidewater marsh which the arriving Dutch in 1630 called Roode Hoek, from the red clay nearby. Dutch expertise in filling swampy ground served the peninsula well, solid ground was needed for the heavy cannons and the 40–50 feet of elevation gave the colonials advantage. Fort Defiance is unmarked with the exception of a small historical sign at the end of the Coffey Street pier, about 2 blocks away from its true location at Van Dyke street and Conover street. The fort was destroyed by bombardment from the H.M.S. Roebuck during the battle.[3][4] The only access was an Indian trail called Red Hook Lane which led to brooklyn heights, that road's last remnant was un-mapped in 2020.[5]

On August 27, 1776, during the Battle of Long Island, five cannons, a series of earthworks and a defensive wall was manned by colonials on an island in New York Bay.[6] It was the westernmost of forts along Brooklyn heights defending the Upper New York Bay from incursion by the British navy.[7] Prior to the battle a thousand men worked under General Israel Putnam's direction to prepare for the invasion of New York, building the fort during one night in April.[8] General George Washington inspected the fort in May, finding it 'exceedingly strong'.[9] The complex consisted of three redoubts on the small island connected by trenches, with an earthwork on the island's south side to defend against a landing.[10][11][12]

Outline map of New York Island, Statten Island, Long Island and a portion of the Hudson River, showing British and American positions during the Battle of Long Island
Map marking British and American positions at the Battle of Long Island. Roebuck is shown bombarding an American battery at Red Hook

Death of Colonel James Grant

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Richards St Wolcott St - Red Hook Lane Heritage Trail

A British officer, Lt. Colonel James Grant was in the vanguard of troops attempting a flanking maneuver on the right side of the American line, following the retreat at Battle Hill. The Colonel pursued through the marshland and over Gowanus Creek when a Pennsylvanian rifleman, perched in a tree, shot him and an aide.[13] The return fire dropped the minuteman, and the army paused to bury the Major and the trooper next to Red Hook lane. They continued the advance on General George Washington's position in Brooklyn Heights, leaving the American where he fell. Later, sympathizers buried the minuteman in the same place.[14][15] The Americans were buoyed by the name, which was sewn in the headgear,[16] mistakenly thinking that much reviled Major-General Grant, the leader of the left-wing of the Gravesend assault had been killed.[17][18] The rifleman was interred in a hollow tree trunk, taken from a tree struck by lightning.

inset of map

Almost the entire New York metropolitan area was under British military occupation from the end of 1776 until November 23, 1783, when they evacuated the city.[19]

John Burkard, a historian who grew up in Red Hook and spent most of his retirement researching the colonial history of Roode Hoek, found maps dating to 1766 showing an earlier fort on the island from the 1600s and was convinced that the oddly shaped building at Columbia and Nelson streets is the location of the burial ground.[20] The building, built in 1932, had a corner cut off and left undeveloped, neighborhood folklore has that this was the revolutionary war arresick (Dutch.burial ground) of Lt. Colonel Grant and the two troopers. He advocated for a heritage trail through Red Hook from the Arresick to Fort Defiance.[21] In 2007 street signs were added to Coffey street, Conover St, Walcott Street, Dwight St, and Columbia street marking the Red Hook Lane heritage trail, which begins opposite the burial ground and follows the path back to Fort Defiance.[22]

See also

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Etymology

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Arresick, in the List of New Netherland placename etymologies

A tidal island. Spellings include Arresick,[23] Arressechhonk,[24] and Aresick, meaning "burial ground."[25]

References

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  1. ^ Schecter, Barnet (2002). The Battle for New York. New York: Walker and Co. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8027-1374-2. OCLC 50658296.
  2. ^ "The History Box | Your The Writer|A Nobler Pen". thehistorybox.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-22.
  3. ^ http://fortwiki.com/Fort_Defiance_(13) http://fortwiki.com/Fort_Defiance_(13)
  4. ^ Lossing, Benson J. (1860). The Pictorial Field-book of the Revolution Vol II. Franklin Square, New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 603.
  5. ^ "Red Hook Lane Brooklyn". Ephemeral New York.
  6. ^ "New York Forts: Page 5".
  7. ^ "Red Hook". January 1, 2020.
  8. ^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest (2017). Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 120–126. ISBN 978-1-4766-6453-8.
  9. ^ https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/valentino-pier/highlights/19678
  10. ^ https://www.brownstoner.com/sponsored/red-hook-brooklyn-fort-defiance-battle-of-brooklyn-history/ The entire earthwork was about 1,600 feet (490 m) long and covered the entire island.
  11. ^ "Historic Maps". Red Hook WaterStories. July 25, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  12. ^ "Exploring Pre-Revolutionary New York: THE RATZER MAP" (PDF). Brooklyn Historical Society. p. 19. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  13. ^ Smythies, Capt. R.H.Raymond (1894), Historical records of the 40th (2nd Somersetshire) regiment, A.H.Swiss, pp. 84–85
  14. ^ Gabriel Furman (1823). "English Book names officer's burial place". Burkard.
  15. ^ Johnston, Henry Phelps (1878), The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn, Long Island Historical Society, pp. 161–164, ISBN 0-548-34227-X
  16. ^ David Smith, Graham Turner: New York 1776: The Continentals' First Battle, p. 42: Osprey Publishing (2008) ISBN 1846032857
  17. ^ "British General James Grant, Most Hated British Officer of the American Revolution". 19 October 2013.
  18. ^ "The History Box |A Nobler Pen by John J. Burkard". thehistorybox.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28.
  19. ^ Fooy, Frederick (November 13, 2011). "Bloodshed in Brooklyn". South Brooklyn Post. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012.
  20. ^ "America began … in Red Hook?! • Brooklyn Paper". 19 April 2008.
  21. ^ "Red Hook's revolutionary history". April 27, 2008.
  22. ^ "Red Hook Lane: Heritage Trail".
  23. ^ Arresickhttp://www.cityofjerseycity.org/oldberg/chapter7.shtml
  24. ^ New Jersey Colonial Records, East Jersey Records: Part 1-Volume 21, Calendar of Records 1664–1702
  25. ^ On 12 July 1630, Mr. Michael Pauw, Burgomaster of Amsterdam and Lord of Achtienhover, near Utrecht, obtained through the Directors and Councillors of New Netherlands, a deed from the Indians to the land called Hopoghan Hackingh, this being the first deed recorded in New Netherlands. On 22 November, of the same year, the same parties procured from the Indians a deed to Mr. Pauw of Ahasimus and Aresick (burying-ground), the peninsula later called Paulus Hook.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Long Island.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Long Island.
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