Qubba

A qubba (Arabic: قُبَّة, romanized: qubba(t), pl. قُباب qubāb),^[3] also transliterated as ḳubba, kubbet and koubba, is a cupola or domed structure, typically a tomb or shrine in Islamic architecture.^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5] In many regions, such as North Africa, the term qubba is applied commonly for the tomb of a local wali (local Muslim saint or marabout), and usually consists of a chamber covered by a dome or pyramidal cupola.^[6]^[7]^[1]

Etymology

The Arabic word qubba was originally used to mean a tent of hides,^[8] or generally the assembly of a material such as cloth into a circle.^[3] It's likely that this original meaning was extended to denote domed buildings after the latter had developed in Islamic architecture.^[3] It is now also used generally for tomb sites if they are places of pilgrimage.^[9] In Turkish and Persian the word kümbet, kumbad, or gunbād has a similar meaning for dome or domed tomb.^[3]

Historical development

A well-known example of an Islamic domed shrine is the Dome of the Rock, known in Arabic as Qubbat aṣ-Ṣakhra (Arabic: قُبَّةُ ٱلْصَّخْرَة), although this particular monumental example is exceptional in early Islamic architecture.^[3] In early Islamic culture, the construction of mausoleums and ostentations tomb structures to commemorate the deceased was viewed as unorthodox, as Muhammad himself opposed such practices.^[2]^[3] However, historical records indicate that from the 8th century onward mausoleums became common, propagated in part by their popularity among the Shi'a, who built tombs to commemorate the Imams which in turn became places of religious ceremony and pilgrimage.^[2]^[3] The oldest surviving example of a domed tomb in Islamic architecture is the Qubbat al-Sulaibiyya in Samarra, present-day Iraq, dating from the mid-9th century.^[1]^[2] The construction of domed tombs became more common among both Shi'as and Sunnis during the tenth century, although early Sunni mausoleums were mostly built for political rulers.^[3] An example of the latter is the Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, present-day Uzbekistan, built in the tenth century.^[3]

In Yazidism

Yazidi shrines and sacred buildings typically have conical spires that are known as qubbe in Kurdish.^[10]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 240. ISBN 978-1134613663.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Tomb". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0195309911.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). "Dome". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 978-9004161658.
^ Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-0300088670.
^ Petersen (2001), p. 326.
^ Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.
^ Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.
^ Meri (2002), pp. 264–265.
^ Meri (2002), pp. 264.
^ Kreyenbroek, Philip (1995). Yezidism: its background, observances, and textual tradition. Lewiston NY: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0773490043. OCLC 31377794.

Bibliography

Jessup, Samuel (1881). "The Wady Barada". Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, Division II. New York: D. Appleton & Co. pp. 444–452.
Meri, Josef F. (2002). "The cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria". Oxford Oriental Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199250783.
Diez, E. (2010). "Ḳubba". Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed.. Leiden: Brill.. (subscription required)
Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197270110.

[:16-1] Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 240. ISBN 978-1134613663.

[:24-2] M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Tomb". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0195309911.

[:0522-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). "Dome". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 978-9004161658.

[4] Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-0300088670.

[FOOTNOTEPetersen2001[httpswwwacademiaedu21620539Gazetteer_7_Glossary_Bibliography_and_Index_326]-5] Petersen (2001), p. 326.

[6] Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.

[:132-7] Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.

[FOOTNOTEMeri2002264–265-8] Meri (2002), pp. 264–265.

[FOOTNOTEMeri2002264-9] Meri (2002), pp. 264.

[Kreyenbroek_1995-10] Kreyenbroek, Philip (1995). Yezidism: its background, observances, and textual tradition. Lewiston NY: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0773490043. OCLC 31377794.

[1]

v t e Sufism terminology
Sufis	Abdal Ahl al-Khutwa Al-Insān al-Kāmil Bash Hezzab Dervish Fakir Hafiz Hezzab Imam Khatib Majzoob Marabout Mudaqiq [ar] Muqaddam Muqarrab Murshid Mutahaqiq [ar] Murid Nass al-Houdhour Pir Qalandar Qāriʾ Qutb Rabbani Salik Sheikh Siddiq Sufis ranks Talibe The Seven ranks [ar] Wali Wasil
Concepts	Aayane [ar] Aayane Thabita [ar] Aql Baqaa Dhawq Fana Ghaflah Hal Hijab Huwa Ihsan Ishq Ismul Azam Lataif-e-Sitta Maqam Nafs Qalb Ran Rūḥ Sadr Yaqeen
Awrad	Dhikr Djamaa [ar] Djoua [ar] Dua Ibara [ar] Ichara [ar] Latifa Lazimi Muhasabah Muraqabah Raising hands in Dua Sabr Sahar [ar] Salat al-Fatih Salawat Samt [ar] Shuhud [ar] Shukr Sufism pillars Tafakur Tahara [ar] Tahlia [ar] Takhlia [ar] Tawajud [ar] Tawakkul Tawassul Tazkiah Uzla [ar] Wajd Wazifa Zarruqiyya Wird Zuhd
Waridates	Barakah Basirah Bast [ar] Djadba [ar] Fath [ar] Haqiqa Hidayah Ilham Irfan Ishrak Karamat Kashf Khatir Ma'rifa Nūr Qabdh [ar] Rabita [ar] Ru'ya Secret Tajalli Thawab Uns [ar] Walayah Warid
Misconducts	Antinomianism Rahbaniya Shath Taqabbur Zandaqa
Ceremonies	Ashura Bay'ah Haḍra Hizb Rateb Idjaza Mawlid Mawsim Salka Sbooa [fr] Sebiba Silsila Sufi orders Tariqa Tweeza Wezeea Ziyarat
Arts	Ashewiq [ar] Madih nabawi Nasheed Naʽat Qawwali Sama Sufi cosmology Sufism history Sufi literature Sufi metaphysics Sufi music Sufis persecution Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Sufi whirling
Places	Daara Dargah Datuk Keramat Eidgah Gonbad Gongbei Jama masjid Jama'at Khana Khalwa Khalawi Khanqah Külliye Kuttab Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mausoleum Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Ribat Surau Takya Turbah Türbe Zawiya
Objects	Ammama Balgha Burnous Djellaba Gandoura Jellabiya Khirqa Misbaha Miswak Prayer rug Qashabiya Tagelmust Taqiyah Tarboosh Turban