Percomorpha
| Percomorpha Temporal range: Possible Cenomanian record
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Superorder: | Acanthopterygii |
| Clade: | Percomorpha Cope, 1871 |
| Subgroups | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Percomorpha (from Latin perca 'perch' and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) 'shape, appearance') is an extremely large and diverse clade of ray-finned fish. With more than 17,000 known species (including tuna, seahorses, gobies, cichlids, flatfish, wrasse, perches, anglerfish, and pufferfish) known from both marine and freshwater ecosystems, it is the most speciose clade of extant vertebrates.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Evolution
[edit]Percomorpha are the most diverse group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the Cenozoic era. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ca. 66 Ma ago.[7] The oldest known percomorph fossils are of the early tetraodontiforms Protriacanthus and Cretatriacanthidae from the Santonian to Campanian of Italy and Slovenia.[8] A higher diversity of early percomorphs is also known from the Campanian of Nardò, Italy, and these also show some level of diversification into modern orders, with representatives of the Syngnathiformes and Tetraodontiformes known.[9] Possibly the oldest percomorph is Plectocretacicus from the Cenomanian of Lebanon, which may be a stem-tetraodontiform; however, some morphological analyses indicate that it shows similarities with non-percomorph groups.[8][10]
Taxonomy
[edit]Many of the orders placed in Percomorpha today were originally placed in an expanded Perciformes, hence many sources often referring to that order as the most diverse vertebrate clade. However, more recent studies have found such a placement to be paraphyletic, and many have thus been moved to their orders within Percomorpha.[6]
The Percomorpha are an extremely diverse group with at least 22 orders according to Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes.[11] Other authorities find a different number of orders depending on the classification used.
The following taxonomy is based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (2025), with additional suborders based on other studies:[5][11]
- Clade Percomorpha
- Subseries Ophidiida
- Order Ophidiiformes
- Suborder Ophidioidei - cusk-eels, pearlfishes & allies (4 families) [12]
- Suborder Bythoidei - viviparous & false brotulas (2 families)
- Order Ophidiiformes
- Subseries Batrachoidida
- Order Batrachoidiformes - toadfishes (1 family)
- Subseries Gobiida
- Order Gobiiformes
- Suborder Apogonoidei (=order Kurtiformes sensu auct.) - nurseryfishes & cardinalfishes (2 families)
- Suborder Trichonotoidei - sand divers (1 family)
- Suborder Gobioidei - gobies, sleepers & allies (7 families)
- Order Gobiiformes
- Subseries Syngnatharia
- Order Syngnathiformes
- Suborder Dactylopteroidei - seamoths & flying gurnards (2 families)
- Suborder Mulloidei - goatfishes (1 family)
- Suborder Callionymoidei - dragonets (2 families)
- Suborder Syngnathoidei - seahorses, pipefish, trumpetfish, cornetfish & shrimpfishes (5 families)
- Order Syngnathiformes
- Subseries Pelagiaria
- Order Scombriformes
- Suborder Stromateoidei - medusafishes, driftfishes, butterfishes, squaretails, ariommas & allies (6 families)
- Suborder Scombroidei - mackerel, tunas, manefishes, pomfrets, cutlassfishes, bluefish, swallowers, ragfish & allies (10 families)
- Order Scombriformes
- Subseries Anabantaria
- Order Synbranchiformes
- Suborder Mastacembeloidei - freshwater spiny eels & earthworm eels (2 families)
- Suborder Indostomoidei - armored sticklebacks (1 family)
- Suborder Synbranchoidei - swamp eels (1 family)
- Order Anabantiformes
- Suborder Anabantoidei - gouramies & fighting fishes (3 families)
- Suborder Channoidei - snakeheads (2 families)
- Suborder Nandoidei - Asian leaffishes, chameleonfishes, & mudperches (3 families)
- Order Synbranchiformes
- Subseries Carangaria
- Order Carangiformes
- Suborder Centropomoidei - barracudas, lates perches, snooks & false trevally (4 families)
- Suborder Pleuronectoidei - flatfishes & threadfins (17 families)
- Suborder Toxotoidei - archerfishes & beachsalmons (2 families)
- Suborder Nematistioidei - roosterfish (1 family)
- Suborder Menoidei - moonfish & billfishes (3 families)
- Suborder Carangoidei - jacks, trevallies, pompanos, remoras, cobias & dolphinfishes (4 families)
- Order Carangiformes
- Subseries Ovalentaria
- Order Atheriniformes[5]
- Suborder Atherinopsoidei - Neotropical silversides (1 family)
- Suborder Atherinoidei - Old World silversides, rainbowfishes, priapumfishes & allies (10 families)
- Order Beloniformes[5]
- Suborder Adrianichthyoidei - ricefishes & buntingis (1 family)
- Suborder Belonoidei - sauries, needlefishes, halfbeaks & flyingfishes (5 families)
- Order Cyprinodontiformes
- Suborder Aplocheiloidei - Old & New World rivulines (3 families)
- Suborder Cyprinodontoidei - killifishes, pupfishes, splitfins, livebearers, lampeyes & four-eyed fishes (11 families)
- Order Cichliformes - cichlids, leaffishes & convict blenny (3 families)
- Order Mugiliformes - mullets & Asiatic glassfishes (2 families)
- Order Blenniiformes
- Unranked clades - dottybacks, roundheads, damselfishes, clownfishes, surfperches & jawfishes (6 families)
- Suborder Gobiesocoidei - clingfishes (1 family)
- Suborder Blennioidei - blennies (5 families)
- Order Atheriniformes[5]
- Subseries Eupercaria
- Order Perciformes
- Suborder Percoidei - perches, darters, seabasses, groupers, anthias, weeverfishes & duckbills (9 families)
- Suborder Notothenioidei - icefishes, toothfishes, Antarctic dragonfishes & allies (8 families)
- Suborder Scorpaenoidei - scorpionfishes, stonefishes, rockfishes, flatheads, searobins & allies (11 families)
- Suborder Cottoidei - sculpins, psychrolutes, snailfishes, sablefishes, greenlings, poachers, sandfishes, lumpfishes & allies (11 families)
- Suborder Gasterosteoidei - sticklebacks, Korean sandlance & tubesnouts (3 families)
- Suborder Zoarcoidei - eelpouts, wolffishes, pricklebacks, gunnels, prowfish & allies (14 families)
- Order Centrarchiformes
- Suborder Percalatoidei - Australian basses (1 undescribed family)
- Suborder Terapontoidei - grunters, sea chubs, flagtails, knifejaws, stripeys & allies (9 families)
- Suborder Centrarchoidei - freshwater sunfish, Chinese perches, oldwives, temperate perch, jutjaws & allies (7 families)
- Suborder Cirrhitioidei - hawkfishes, kelpfishes, marblefishes, fingerfins & trumpeters (5 families)
- Order Labriformes
- Suborder Labroidei - wrasses, parrotfishes, false scorpionfish & weed whitings (3 families)
- Suborder Uranoscopoidei - sandlances, stargazers, southern sandfishes, sandperches & torrentfish (5 families)
- Order Acropomatiformes (=Pempheriformes) - lanternbellies, sweepers, gnomefishes, wreckfishes, banjofish, oceanic basslets, armorheads & allies (20 families)
- Order Acanthuriformes - surgeonfishes, butterflyfishes, rabbitfishes, marine angelfishes, drumfish, grunts, ponyfishes, mojarras, snappers, temperate basses, spadefishes, porgies, moonyfish, tripletails, tilefish, scats, bigeyes, boarfishes & allies (30 families)
- Order Lophiiformes - anglerfish
- Suborder Lophioidei - goosefishes (1 family)
- Suborder Ogcocephaloidei - batfishes (1 family)
- Suborder Antennarioidei - frogfishes & handfishes (7 families)
- Suborder Chaunacoidei - sea toads (1 family)
- Suborder Ceratioidei - deep-sea anglerfish (11 families)
- Order Tetraodontiformes
- Suborder Triacanthoidei - spikefishes & triplespines (2 families)
- Suborder Tetraodontoidei - pufferfishes, porcupinefishes, ocean sunfishes & allies (4 families)
- Suborder Balistoidei - boxfishes, filefishes, triggerfishes & allies (4 families)
- Order Perciformes
- Subseries Ophidiida
Phylogeny
[edit]External relationships
[edit]The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.[5] Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.
| Teleostei |
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Internal relationships
[edit]The following cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:
| Percomorpha |
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References
[edit]- ^ Harvey, Virginia L.; Keating, Joseph N.; Buckley, Michael (August 2021). "Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (8): 201955. Bibcode:2021RSOS....801955H. doi:10.1098/rsos.201955. PMC 8355665. PMID 34430038.
- ^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
- ^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.
- ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
- ^ a b c d e Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ a b Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.
- ^ a b Arcila, Dahiana; Alexander Pyron, R.; Tyler, James C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Betancur-R., Ricardo (2015-01-01). "An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.011. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25462998.
- ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- ^ Carnevale, Giorgio; Johnson, G. David (2015). "A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes". Copeia. 103 (4): 771–791. doi:10.1643/CI-15-236. ISSN 0045-8511.
- ^ a b Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
- ^ Wong, Man-Kwan; Chen, Wei-Jen (2024-10-01). "Exploring the phylogeny and depth evolution of cusk eels and their relatives (Ophidiiformes: Ophidioidei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 199: 108164. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108164. ISSN 1055-7903.
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