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Luke 10

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Luke 10
The Latin text of Luke 10:41-11:5 in Codex Claromontanus V, from 4th or 5th century.
BookGospel of Luke
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part3

Luke 10 is the tenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the sending of seventy disciples by Jesus, the famous parable about the Good Samaritan, and his visit to the house of Mary and Martha.[1] This Gospel's author, who also wrote the Acts of the Apostles, is not named but is uniformly identified by early Christian tradition as Luke the Evangelist.[2]

Text

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The Latin text of Luke 9:9–11:35 in Codex Gigas (13th century).
Luke 10:38-42 in Papyrus 3 (6th/7th century)

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 42 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

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Narrative of the Seventy

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Main article: Seventy disciples

Luke's gospel is the only one which includes this narrative.[6]: 941  Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer calls this section (verses 1-16) the "Narrative of the Seventy" and links it to the earlier account of the sending out of advance messengers in Luke 9:52.[7] The return of the seventy concludes this section (verses 17-20). This passage includes Jesus's assertion that "the laborer is worthy of his wages",[8] which is reflected in similar wording in 1 Timothy 5:18:

For the Scripture says, "You shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain", and "The laborer is worthy of his wages".

The first of these statements is found at Deuteronomy 25:4, but the second statement is not found in the Old Testament, leading to the suggestion that the author of the letter to Timothy may have referred to Luke or the equivalent verse in Matthew.[9]

Some manuscripts refer to seventy-two others. The manuscript evidence "is fairly divided, and it is not easy to conclude what Luke actually wrote.[6] The Textus Receptus refers to 70,[10] but other critical texts note the word δύο, duo, as a potential addition.[11] Both alternatives are linked to the two Old Testament episodes which Eric Franklin considers potentially to have been reflected in Luke's account:

  • Genesis 10 has a list of the seventy nations of the world, although the Septuagint (LXX) has seventy-two.
  • Numbers 11 speaks of Moses choosing seventy elders upon whom a portion of the spirit that was upon him would rest, but since two others shared the gift, this could be taken as seventy-two.[6]

Verse 9

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And heal the sick there, and say to them, "The kingdom of God has come near to you".[12]

Franklin suggests that in this verse, the "embrace" of the kingdom of God reaches those who respond favourably to the message. Kenneth N. Taylor, in his paraphrase of Luke, has the offer of the kingdom given especially to those who are healed:

Heal the sick; and as you heal them, say, "The Kingdom of God is very near you now".[13]

Verse 11 repeats "that the kingdom of God has come near you",[14] but this verse also points to it being near those who reject the messengers.[6]

Verse 16

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"He who hears you hears Me, he who rejects you rejects Me, and he who rejects Me rejects Him who sent Me."[15]

Meyer treats this verse as confirmation in principle that Jesus placed on equal grounds the cities which reject the seventy and those which reject Himself. In the second part, the saying rises to a climax: a deepening of the emotion, a solemn conclusion.[7] Matthew's parallel text is entirely positive:

“He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives Him who sent Me. He who receives a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet’s reward."[16]

Luke's treatment retains the positive side of the seventy's potential reception, but places more emphasis on the negative.[17]

Verse 17

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Then the seventy returned with joy, saying, "Lord, even the demons are subject to us in Your name".[18]

Meyer notes that, given the nature of their mission in this chapter, it is unlikely that the seventy would all have returned to their starting point at the same time.[7]

The Great Commandment and the Parable of the Good Samaritan (10:25-37)

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The Parable of the Good Samaritan by Jan Wijnants (1670) shows the Good Samaritan tending the injured man.
Main articles: Great Commandment and Parable of the Good Samaritan

A lawyer or 'expert in the law' asked Jesus what he should do to inherit eternal life. Jesus asked him what was written in the law, and the lawyer referred to the teaching in Deuteronomy 6:4–5,

You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind,

and to the ordinance of Leviticus 19:18,

You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself.[19]

Jesus confirmed that the lawyer's answer was correct. Luke's treatment of this Great Commandment differs from those of Mark and Matthew, where Jesus directly instructed his disciples that these are the greatest commandments in the Law.

The lawyer then asked who his 'neighbour' is. In response, Jesus told a story of a traveller, presumably a Jew,[20] who is beaten, robbed, and left half dead along the road. First a priest and then a Levite come by, but both avoid the man. Finally, a journeying Samaritan comes by. Samaritans and Jews generally despised each other, but the Samaritan helps the injured man. This parable is recounted only in this chapter of the New Testament.

Portraying a Samaritan in a positive light would have come as a shock to Jesus's audience.[21] Some Christians, such as Augustine and John Newton,[22] have interpreted the parable allegorically, with the Samaritan representing Jesus Christ, who saves the sinful soul.[23] Others, however, discount this allegory as unrelated to the parable's original meaning,[23] and see the parable as exemplifying the ethics of Jesus.[24]

The parable has inspired painting, sculpture, poetry and film. The colloquial phrase "good Samaritan", meaning someone who helps a stranger, derives from this parable, and many hospitals and charitable organizations are named after the Good Samaritan.

Mary and Martha (10:38-42)

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Main article: Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary

In Luke's account, the home of Martha and Mary is located in 'a certain village'.[25] Bethany is not mentioned and would not fit with the topography of Jesus' journey to Jerusalem, which at this point in the narrative is just commencing as he leaves Galilee. John J. Kilgallen suggests that "Luke has displaced the story of Martha and Mary".[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  2. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
  4. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  5. ^ Where is the Old Testament in the Gospels, biblestudy.org, accessed 15 September 2023
  6. ^ a b c d Franklin, E., 58. Luke in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 941
  7. ^ a b c Meyer, H. A. W. (1873), Meyer's NT Commentary on Luke 10, accessed 12 June 2012
  8. ^ Luke 10:7
  9. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1873), Meyer's NT Commentary on 1 Timothy 5, accessed 22 July 2020
  10. ^ Luke 10:1: Textus Receptus
  11. ^ Luke 10:1: SBL Greek New Testament
  12. ^ Luke 10:9: NKJV
  13. ^ Luke 10:9: TLB
  14. ^ Luke 10:11: NKJV
  15. ^ Luke 10:16
  16. ^ Matthew 10:41–42
  17. ^ Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament on Luke 10, accessed 23 July 2020
  18. ^ Luke 10:17: NKJV
  19. ^ Leviticus 19:18
  20. ^ Joel B. Green, The Gospel of Luke, Eerdmans, 1997, ISBN 0-8028-2315-7, p. 429.
  21. ^ Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels, HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Luke" p. 271-400
  22. ^ Newton, J., The Good Samaritan, accessed 13 June 2018
  23. ^ a b Caird, G. B. (1980). The Language and Imagery of the Bible. Duckworth. p. 165.
  24. ^ Sanders, E. P., The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 6.
  25. ^ Luke 10:38
  26. ^ Kilgallen, J. J., Martha and Mary: Why at Luke 10,38?, Biblica, Vol. 84, No. 4 (2003), pp. 554-561
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Preceded by
Luke 9 		Chapters of the Bible
Gospel of Luke 		Succeeded by
Luke 11
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