Lonchopteridae

Lonchopteridae
	Lonchoptera lutea
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Superfamily:	Phoroidea
Family:	Lonchopteridae; Macquart, 1823
Diversity
	6 genera
Synonyms
	Lonchopteroidea; Musidoridae Kertész, 1909;

The Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies or pointed-wing flies) are a family of small (2–5 mm), slender, yellow to brownish-black Diptera, occurring all over the world. Their common name refers to their pointed wings, which have a distinct venation. Many are parthenogenic; males are very rare, however, at least in North American species, and have a somewhat different venation than do the females.^[3]^[4]

Spear-winged flies are common in moist, shady, grassy areas, where the larvae are found within decaying vegetation. One species, Lonchoptera bifurcata, is cosmopolitan in distribution, and may have been transported via shipments of vegetables.^[3]^[4]

Description

The Lonchopteridae are minute, slender flies with long wings which are pointed at the apex. The head is rounded, with the outer vertical bristles, inner vertical bristles, ocellar bristles, interfrontal bristles, and bristles along the margin of the broad mouth very well developed. The mesonotum and scutellum and legs have well developed bristles. The radial vein R has three branches (R1, R2+3, R4+5). The median vein M is furcate (M1, M2). The anal vein A merges with the cubital vein Cu (female) or terminates freely (male).

Systematics

They are usually placed in the superfamily of flat-footed flies and allies (Platypezoidea). If the Platypezoidea are restricted to the flat-footed flies sensu stricto, the spear-winged flies are united with the Ironomyiidae and the coffin and scuttle flies (Phoridae) as Phoroidea. More rarely, they are treated as monotypic superfamily Lonchopteroidea.

Four^[5] living genera are in this family, encompassing some 50 described species all together:^[6]

Homolonchoptera Yang, 1998^[7]
Lonchoptera Meigen, 1803^[8]
Neolonchoptera Vaillant, 1989^[9]
Spilolonchoptera Yang, 1998^[7]

Two fossil genera of spear-winged flies have been described:^[6]

Lonchopterites Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999^[10]
Lonchopteromorpha Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999^[10]

Species

References

^ Macquart, P.J.M. (1835). Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Diptères. Tome deuxieme. Paris: Roret. pp. 703 or 710 pp., 12 pls. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ Kertész, Kálmán (1909). Catalogus Dipterorum hucusque Descriptorum, Volume VI: Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Musidoridae. Budapest: Museum National Hungaricum. pp. 1–362. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b Smith, K.G.V. (1969): Handbook for the Identification of British Insects 10(2ai: Diptera Lonchopteridae): 1–9.
^ ^a ^b Borror, D.J.; Triplehorn, C.A. & Johnson, N.A. (1989): An Introduction to the Study of Insects (6th edition). Saunders College Publishing.
^ Tree of Life Web Project (2007). "Lonchopteridae - Spear-winged flies". Tree of Life Web Project.
^ ^a ^b Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2007): Lonchopteridae. Version of 2007-NOV-29. Retrieved 2009-APR-07.
^ ^a ^b Yang, C.K. (1998). Lonchopteridae, In: Xue, W.Q. & Chao, C.M. (eds.), Flies of China. Vol. 1. Shenyang: Liaoning Science and Technology Press. pp. 49–59.
^ Meigen, J. W. (1803). "Versuch einer neuen Gattungs-Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugligen Insekten". Mag. Insektenkd. 2: 259–281.
^ Vaillant, François (1989). "Contribution à l'étude des diptères Lonchopteridae d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord". Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. 79: 209–229.
^ ^a ^b Grimaldi, D.A.; Cumming, J.M. (1999). "Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 239: 1–124. hdl:2246/1583.

External links

Lonchopteridae In Italian
Lonchopteridae page at the Bishop Museum, Honolulu
Family Lonchopteridae at EOL Image Gallery
Photograph of Lonchoptera furcata Fallén Should be L. bifurcata.
Photograph of Lonchoptera lutea Panzer

[Macquart1835-1] Macquart, P.J.M. (1835). Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Diptères. Tome deuxieme. Paris: Roret. pp. 703 or 710 pp., 12 pls. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

[Kertész1909-2] Kertész, Kálmán (1909). Catalogus Dipterorum hucusque Descriptorum, Volume VI: Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Musidoridae. Budapest: Museum National Hungaricum. pp. 1–362. Retrieved 17 August 2016.

[Smith-3] Smith, K.G.V. (1969): Handbook for the Identification of British Insects 10(2ai: Diptera Lonchopteridae): 1–9.

[Borror-4] Borror, D.J.; Triplehorn, C.A. & Johnson, N.A. (1989): An Introduction to the Study of Insects (6th edition). Saunders College Publishing.

[5] Tree of Life Web Project (2007). "Lonchopteridae - Spear-winged flies". Tree of Life Web Project.

[tol2007-6] Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2007): Lonchopteridae. Version of 2007-NOV-29. Retrieved 2009-APR-07.

[Yang1998-7] Yang, C.K. (1998). Lonchopteridae, In: Xue, W.Q. & Chao, C.M. (eds.), Flies of China. Vol. 1. Shenyang: Liaoning Science and Technology Press. pp. 49–59.

[Meigen1803-8] Meigen, J. W. (1803). "Versuch einer neuen Gattungs-Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugligen Insekten". Mag. Insektenkd. 2: 259–281.

[Vaillant1989-9] Vaillant, François (1989). "Contribution à l'étude des diptères Lonchopteridae d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord". Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. 79: 209–229.

[GrimaldiCumming-10] Grimaldi, D.A.; Cumming, J.M. (1999). "Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 239: 1–124. hdl:2246/1583.

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