List of royal proxy marriages
This is a list of members of royal families who entered into a proxy marriage throughout history.
Pre 11th century
[edit]- Clovis I King of the Franks to Clotilde, in 496. This is one of the first known proxy marriages in Western history.[1][2]
11th century
[edit]- Alfonso VI of Galacia and León to Adeliza (daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders), before 1074.[3] She died before the marriage was consummated.[4]
12th century
[edit]- Alfonso VIII of Castile to Eleanor of England, in 1170[5]
13th century
[edit]- Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to Isabella II of Jerusalem, in August 1225[6]
- Henry I of Cyprus to Alice of Montferrat, in 1229[7][page needed]
- Henry III of England to Eleanor of Provence, in November 1235.[3] He had already been contracted on 29 October 1226 to marry by proxy to Yolanda of Brittany, but this arrangement was annulled. He had also been married by proxy to Joan, Countess of Ponthieu earlier in 1235, but that marriage was abandoned as it was politically unacceptable to the French and was later annulled.[8] The annulment was granted as the marriage had not been consummated and Henry and Joan were related within the forbidden degrees.[9] Yolande of Brittany instead married Hugh XI of Lusignan in January 1236. Joan of Ponthieu instead married Ferdinand III of Castile in October 1237.[10]
- Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to Isabella of England, in 1235
- Richard of Cornwall (the second son of John, King of England, and Isabella, Countess of Angoulême) to Sanchia of Provence, in July 1242.[11] Sanchia was already married by proxy to Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, but he had failed to obtain an annulment of his first marriage to Sancha of Aragon so the arrangement was declared void.[11] Richard and Sanchia were later crowned as king and queen of Germany, by the archbishop of Cologne, on 17 May 1257.
- Manfred, King of Sicily to Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo, in March 1247[12]
- Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales to Eleanor de Montfort in 1275[13]
- Alfonso III of Aragorn to Eleanor of England, in 1282.[14] Alfonso died in 1291 before the couple met, so the marriage was not consummated.[15][16] She went on to marry Henry III, Count of Bar in 1293.[17]
- Philip II, Latin Emperor to Thamar Angelina Komnene, in 1294. The marriage ended in divorce in 1309.[18] He remarried to Catherine of Valois in 1313. Tharmar died in 1311.
14th century
[edit]- Robert the Wise, King of Naples to Sancia of Majorca, on 17 June 1304
- Sancho of Majorca to Maria of Naples, on 20 September 1304
- Edward II of England to Isabella of France, in 1305[19]
- James II of Aragon to Marie of Lusignan, on 15 June 1315[20]
- Edward III of England to Philippa of Hainault, in October 1327[21]
- Guy of Lusignan to Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Achaea, on 30 December 1328
- James IV of Majorca to Joanna I of Naples, on 14 December 1362[22]
- Haakon VI, King of Norway to Margaret I of Denmark, on 9 April 1363[23]
- Peter II of Cyprus to Valentina Visconti, in 1377[24]
- John I of Aragon to Violant of Bar, on 9 October 1379[25]
- James of Baux to Agnes of Durazzo, on 16 September 1382
- Louis I, Duke of Orléans to Mary, Queen of Hungary, in April 1385. Four months after the proxy marriage, Sigismund of Luxembourg married Mary. Charles III of Naples then invaded Hungary, Sigismund fled and Mary was forced to abdicate. Charles was not king for long, as he was stabbed on 7 February 1386 and died of his wounds on 24 February 1386. Mary was restored as Queen of Hungary and she and her husband Sigismund were officially co-rulers until the end of her life in 1395 after a horse riding accident.[26] Sigismund remained as King of Hungary and Charles' son Ladislaus of Naples would later try to regain the Hungarian throne.
- John I of Portugal to Philippa of Lancaster, on 14 February 1387[27]
- Amadeus VIII of Savoy to Mary of Burgundy, on 30 October 1393[28]
- Richard II of England to Isabella of Valois, on 9 March 1396[29]
15th century
[edit]- Henry IV of England to Joanna of Navarre, on 2 April 1402[3][30][31]
- Martin I of Sicily to Blanche I of Navarre, in May 1402[32]
- Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel to Beatrice of Portugal (illegitimate daughter of John I of Portugal), in April 1405[33]
- Erik of Pomerania to Philippa of England, on 26 November 1405
- Janus, King of Cyprus to Charlotte of Bourbon, on 2 August 1409
- Filippo Maria Visconti to Marie of Savoy, Duchess of Milan, on 2 December 1427[34]
- Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy to Isabella of Portugal, in 1429[35]
- John II of Cyprus to Amadea Palaiologina of Montferrat, in 1437
- Henry VI of England to Margaret of Anjou, on 24 May 1444[3][36]
- Alessandro Sforza to Seraphina Sforza, on 9 January 1448
- John de la Pole to Margaret Beaufort, in 1450.[37] The marriage was annulled in 1453.[38] John went on to marry Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (sister of the Yorkist kings Edward IV and Richard III). Margaret went on to marry three times: firstly to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, secondly to Sir Henry Stafford and thirdly to Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby.
- Sforza Maria Sforza, Duke of Bari to Eleanor of Naples, in 1465. The marriage was not consummated, a divorce was negotiated by the brides father and a new marriage arranged for her to Ercole I d'Este.[39]
- Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan to Bona of Savoy, on 9 May 1468[40]
- James II of Cyprus to Catherine Cornaro, on 30 July 1468[41]
- Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry to Joanna la Beltraneja, on 26 October 1470[42]
- Ivan III of Russia to Sophia Palaiologina of Byzantium, on 1 June 1472
- Fernando II, Duke of Braganza to Isabel of Viseu, in 1472[43]
- James IV of Scotland to Cecily of York, on 26 December 1474.[44] The marriage was not proceeded with after the death of Cecily's father King Edward IV, the usurpation of the English throne by her uncle King Richard III and Cecily and her siblings being declared illegitimate. Her uncle married her to Ralph Scrope, the younger brother of the 6th Baron Scrope of Masham. After the accession of King Henry VII, her marriage was dissolved and she married the half-brother of the King's mother Margaret Beaufort, John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles.[45]
- Matthias Corvinus to Beatrice of Naples, on 15 September 1476[46]
- Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, in 1477
- Piero the Unfortunate to Alfonsina Orsini, in 1486
- John Corvinus (illegitimate son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary) to Bianca Maria Sforza, widow of Philibert I, Duke of Savoy, on 25 November 1487. The formal marriage never took place.
- Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Anne of Brittany, in 1490.[47] The marriage was declared null and void in 1492. Maximilian later married Bianca Maria Sforza and Anne later married Charles VIII of France, who was already bethrothed himself. After Charles died a few years later, she married his successor.
- Afonso, Prince of Portugal to Isabella of Aragon, in 1490[48]
- Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Bianca Maria Sforza, in 1494
- Philip the Handsome to Joanne of Castille, on 4 November 1495[49]
- John, Prince of Asturias to Archduchess Margaret of Austria, in 1495[50]
- Prince Arthur Tudor to Catherine of Aragon, on 19 May 1499[3][51]
16th century
[edit]- Manuel I of Portugal to Maria of Aragon, in 1500[52]
- Philibert II, Duke of Savoy to Archduchess Margaret of Austria, in 1501
- James IV of Scotland to Margaret Tudor, on 25 January 1502[3]
- Ferdinand II of Aragon to Germaine of Foix, in 1505[53][54]
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to Mary Tudor, in December 1508. Before she travelled to Spain, agreements shifted in Europe, the marriage was called off and Mary's brother Henry VIII made an alliance with the French king. Mary was instead married to the French king in 1514.[55]
- Louis XII of France to Mary Tudor, on 13 August 1514[3][54]
- Christian II of Denmark to Isabella of Austria, in 1514
- Sigismund the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, to Bona Sforza, on 6 December 1517[54]
- Stephen VII Báthory to Sophia of Masovia, on 17 September 1520
- Charles II, Duke of Savoy to Infanta Beatrice of Portugal, in 1521
- Francis I of France to Eleanor of Austria, in 1526. The proxy wedding was conducted during Francis' captivity in Spain and the match formed part of the Treaty of Cambrai. It helped end war between France and Spain, which was ruled by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Eleanor's brother. The marriage was formalised in person in 1530.
- Maharana Ratan Singh II of Mewar Kingdom to a daughter of Raja Prithviraj Singh I of Amber, in 1530. Singh's sword had been married as a proxy representing him, but the wedding was kept a secret. Hada prince Surajmal of Bundi was unaware and obtained her as his wife, causing unintended offence.[56]
- Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland to Catherine of Austria, on 23 June 1533[54]
- Francis II, Duke of Milan to Christina of Denmark, on 23 September 1533[57]
- Frederick II of the Palatinate to Dorothea of Denmark, on 18 May 1535[58]
- James V of Scotland to Mary of Guise, on 9 May 1538
- Cosimo I de' Medici to Eleanor of Toledo, on 29 March 1539
- John Manuel of Portugal to Joanna of Austria, on 11 January 1552[59]
- Philip II of Spain to Élisabeth of Valois, on 15 June 1559[60]
- Charles IX of France to Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria, on 22 October 1569
- Philip II of Spain to Anna of Austria, in May 1570
- Henry III of France to Louise of Lorraine, on 14 February 1576[54]
- James VI of Scotland and I of England to Anne of Denmark, on 20 August 1589[61]
- Virginio Orsini, Duke of Bracciano to Flavia Peretti, in 1589
- Sigismund III Vasa of Poland to Maria Anna of Bavaria, on 4 May 1592
17th century
[edit]- Henry IV of France to Marie de' Medici, on 5 October 1600[62]
- Louis XIII of France to Anne of Austria, on 18 October 1615[63][64]
- Philip IV of Spain and Portugal to Elisabeth of France, on 18 October 1615[63][64]
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor to Eleonora Gonzaga the Elder, on 21 November 1621[65]
- Charles I of England to Henrietta Maria of France, on 1 May 1625[66][67][68]
- Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary to Catherine of Brandenburg, in 1626[69]
- Philip IV of Spain to Mariana of Austria, in 1467. The marriage was confirmed when she was 14 years old, on 7 October 1649[70]
- Alfonso IV d'Este to Laura Martinozzi, Duchess of Modena and Reggio, on 27 May 1655
- Mirza Muhammad Sultan to Padishah Bibi, on 13 April 1656
- Louis XIV of France to Maria Theresa of Spain, on 2 June 1660[71]
- Cosimo III de' Medici to Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, on 17 April 1661[72]
- Charles V, Duke of Lorraine to Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, in 1662. Lorraine soon refused to recognise the union, it had not been consummated and it was annulled[73]
- Afonso VI of Portugal to Maria Francisca of Savoy, on 27 June 1666[74]
- Philippe I, Duke of Orléans to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, on 16 November 1671[75]
- James II of England to Mary of Modena on 30 September 1673[3]
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to Claudia Felicitas of Austria, on 5 October 1673[76]
- Charles II of Spain to Marie Louise d'Orléans, on 30 August 1679[77][78]
- Louis, Grand Dauphin of France to Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, on 28 January 1680
- Charles II of Sprain to Maria Anna of Neuburg, in August 1689[79]
- Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine to Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, on 29 April 1691
- Louis, Duke of Burgundy to Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, in 1696
18th century
[edit]- Philip V of Spain to Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy, on 12 September 1701
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor to Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, in 1708[80]
- Philip V of Spain to Elisabeth Farnese, on 16 September 1714
- James Francis Edward Stuart to Maria Clementina Sobieska, on 19 May 1719[3][81]
- Francesco III, Duke of Modena to Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, on 11 February 1720 [82]
- Louis I of Spain to Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, in November 1721
- Louis, Duke of Orléans to Auguste of Baden-Baden, on 13 July 1724
- Louis XV of France to Marie Leszczyńska, on 15 August 1725
- Prince Eugenio of Savoy, Count of Soissons to Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa, in November 1734. He died on 23 November 1734, before the couple met and the marriage was annulled on the grounds that it was never consummated.[83]
- Charles III of Spain to Maria Amalia of Saxony, on 9 May 1738[84]
- Philip, Duke of Parma to Louise-Élisabeth of France, on 26 August 1739[85]
- Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel to Princess Mary of Great Britain, on 8 May 1740[3]
- Frederick V of Denmark to Louise of Great Britain, on 10 November 1743[67]
- Adolf Frederick of Sweden to Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, on 17 July 1744[86]
- Louis, Dauphin of France to María Teresa Rafaela of Spain, on 18 December 1744[87]
- Louis, Dauphin of France to Maria Josepha of Saxony, on 10 January 1747[88]
- Victor Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy to Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, on 10 April 1750[89]
- Honoré III, Prince of Monaco to Maria Caterina Brignole, on 15 June 1757[90]
- Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti to Maria Fortunata d'Este, on 27 February 1759[91]
- Archduke Joseph of Austria to Princess Isabella of Parma, on 7 September 1760[92][93]
- George III of Great Britain to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, in 1761[94]
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor to Maria Luisa of Spain, on 16 February 1764[95]
- Christian VII of Denmark to Caroline Matilda of Great Britain, on 1 October 1766[96]
- Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe to Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, in 1767[97]
- Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily to Maria Carolina of Austria, on 7 April 1768[98]
- Louis XVI of France to Marie Antoinette, on 19 April 1770[99]
- Louis XVIII of France to Marie Joséphine of Savoy, on 1771[100]
- Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender to Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, on 28 March 1772[3]
- Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia to Clotilde of France, on 21 August 1775[101]
- Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia to Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, on 29 June 1778
- Anthony, King of Saxony to Maria Carolina of Savoy, on 29 September 1781
- Infante Gabriel of Spain to Infanta Mariana Vitória of Braganza, on 12 April 1785
- John VI of Portugal to Carlota Joaquina of Spain, in 1785
- Anthony, King of Saxony to Maria Theresia of Austria, on 8 September 1787
- Maximilian Prince of Saxony to Princess Carolina of Parma, in 1792
- Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to Frederica of Baden, on 6 October 1797[102]
19th century
[edit]- Francis I of the Two Sicilies to María Isabella of Spain, on 6 July 1802[103]
- Charles Felix of Sardinia to Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily, on 7 March 1807
- Napoleon I of France to Joséphine de Beauharnais, in 1809
- Napoleon I of France to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, on 11 March 1810[104][105]
- Maharaja Kharak Singh to Inder Kaur Bajwa, in 1815[106]
- Francis I, Emperor of Austria to Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, on 28 October 1816
- Pedro I of Brazil to Maria Leopoldina of Austria, on 13 May 1817[107]
- Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain to Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily, on 15 April 1819[108]
- John, King of Saxony to Amalie Auguste of Bavaria, on 10 November 1822
- Oscar I of Sweden to Josephine of Leuchtenberg, on 22 May 1823[109]
- Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony to Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma, on 15 October 1825
- Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg to Maria II of Portugal, on 1 December 1834
- Carlos María Isidro of Spain to Maria Teresa of Braganza, in October 1837[110]
- Pedro II of Brazil to Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, on 30 May 1843[111]
- Leopold II of Belgium to Marie Henriette of Austria, on 10 August 1853[112]
- Pedro V of Portugal to Stephanie of Hohenzollen-Sigmaringen, on 29 April 1858[113]
- Francis II of the Two Sicilies to Marie Sophie of Bavaria, on 8 January 1859[114]
- Luís I of Portugal to Maria Pia of Savoy, on 27 September 1862[115]
- Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria to Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, on 16 October 1862[116]
References
[edit]- ^ Edwards, Karthryn Rae (2011). "Kicking the INA out of Bed: Abolishing the Consummation Requirement for Proxy Marriages". Hastings Women's Law Journal. 22: 55.
- ^ Tegg, William (1877). The Knot Tied: Marriage Ceremonies of All Nations. W. Tegg & Company. p. 245.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-4911-0.
- ^ van Houts, Elizabeth (23 September 2004). "Adelida [Adeliza] (d. before 1113), princess". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/164. Retrieved 19 December 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Thomas, Elizabeth (2010). 'We have nothing more valuable in our treasury' : royal marriage in England, 1154-1272 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2001.
- ^ Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (22 October 2020). Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47, 126. ISBN 978-0-521-83638-8.
- ^ Schrader, Helena P. (30 May 2024). The Powerful Women of Outremer: Forgotten Heroines of the Crusader States. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-8756-9.
- ^ d'Avray, David L., ed. (2014), "Henry III of England and Jeanne of Ponthieu", Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History, 860–1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 81–98, doi:10.1017/cbo9781107477148.013, ISBN 978-1-107-06250-4, retrieved 22 December 2024
- ^ d'Avray, David L. (16 June 2005). "Consummation". Medieval Marriage: Symbolism and Society. Oxford University Press. pp. 168–199. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208211.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-820821-1.
- ^ Johnstone, Hilda (1914). "The County of Ponthieu, 1279-1307". The English Historical Review. 29 (115): 435–452. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXIX.CXV.435. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 551121.
- ^ a b Connolly, Sharon Bennett (12 November 2015). "Sanchia of Provence, Queen of the Romans". History... the interesting bits!. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian vespers: a history of the Mediterranean world in the later thirteenth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
- ^ "ELEANOR DE MONTFORT (c. 1258-1282), princess and diplomat". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ Parsons, John Carmi (1998), Parsons, John Carmi (ed.), "Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence, 1150–1500", Medieval Queenship, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 63–78, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-08859-8_5, ISBN 978-1-137-08859-8, retrieved 19 December 2024
- ^ Taswell-Langmead, Thomas Pitt (1886). English Constitutional History from the Teutonic Conquest to the Present Time. Stevens & Haynes. p. 244.
- ^ Macdonald, Fiona (16 February 2012). Royal Weddings, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-1-908759-76-4.
- ^ Prestwich, Michael (1 January 1988). Edward I. University of California Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-520-06266-5.
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6.
- ^ Stanton, Anne Rudloff (2001). The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience. American Philosophical Society. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-87169-916-9.
- ^ Hill, George (2010). A History of Cyprus. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-108-02063-3.
- ^ Ashdown-Hill, John (1 July 2013). Royal Marriage Secrets: Consorts and Concubines, Bigamists and Bastards. The History Press. pp. xii. ISBN 978-0-7524-9420-3.
- ^ Goldstone, Nancy (11 November 2010). Joanna: The Notorious Queen of Naples, Jerusalem and Sicily. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-86087-7.
- ^ Etting, Vivian (2004). Queen Margrete I (1353-1412) and the Founding of the Nordic Union. Brill. pp. 6–10. ISBN 978-90-04-13652-6.
- ^ Hill, George (2010). A History of Cyprus. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-1-108-02063-3.
- ^ Bratsch-Prince, Dawn. (2002) "Pawn or Player?: Violant of Bar and the Game of Matrimonial Politics in the Crown of Aragon (1380–1396)." Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Routledge. pp. 59-89. eISBN 9780203952849.
- ^ Cara Beth (16 January 2018). "Elizabeth of Bosnia - A Queen in a tough situation (Part 2)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ Warner, Kathryn (21 September 2022). Sex & Sexuality in Medieval England. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-3990-9833-5.
- ^ Vaughan, Richard (2002). Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State. Boydell Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-85115-915-7.
- ^ Kelly, Amy Eloise (19 October 2022). "Isabella of Valois - The child bride of King Richard II". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Norton, Elizabeth (15 June 2011). England's Queens: The Biography. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vi. ISBN 978-1-4456-0989-8.
- ^ "Joan of Navarre, French Noblewoman, Medieval Queen & Wife of Henry IV". Britannica. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ^ Fößel, Amalie (2013). "The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe". In Bennett, Judith M.; Karras, Ruth Mazo (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–83.
- ^ Moorhouse, Dan (27 March 2022). "Beatrice of Portugal, Countess of Arundel". The Hundred Years War - 1337-1453. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ Guichenon, Samuel (1778). Histoire généalogique de la royale maison de Savoie: justifiée par titres ... (in French). chez Jean-Michel Briolo. p. 74.
- ^ Vaughan, Richard (2002). Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy. Boydell Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-85115-917-1.
- ^ Cron, B.M. (1 January 1994). "The duke of Suffolk, the Angevin marriage, and the ceding of Maine, 1445". Journal of Medieval History. 20 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(93)00730-c. ISSN 0304-4181.
- ^ Jones, Michael K.; Underwood, Malcolm G. (1992). The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44794-2.
- ^ Griffiths, Ralph Alan (1991). King and country : England and Wales in the fifteenth century. London ; Rio Grande, Ohio : Hambledon Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-85285-018-0.
- ^ Bryant, Diana Rowlands (5 November 2012). "Affection and loyalty in an Italian dynastic marriage". PhD Thesis, Department of Italian Studies, the University of Sydney.
- ^ Hamilton, Keith; Langhorne, Richard (1995). The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory, and Administration (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 278.
- ^ Dean, Trevor; Lowe, K. J. P. (9 May 2002). Marriage in Italy, 1300-1650. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-89376-3.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (21 April 2017). "Joanna la Beltraneja - The would-be Queen of Castile". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (2 May 2024). "Eleanor of Viseu - A Queen in conflict (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (5 October 2020). "Cecily of York - Daughter of York (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (6 October 2020). "Cecily of York - A banished Princess (Part two)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ "King Matthias and His Wife Beatrix by ROMANO, Gian Cristoforo". www.wga.hu. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85109-772-2.
- ^ Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. p. 257. ISBN 978-989-626-261-7.
- ^ Hand, Joni M. (5 July 2017). "Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350?550 ". Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-351-53653-0.
- ^ MacDonald, Deanna (2002). "Collecting a New World: The Ethnographic Collections of Margaret of Austria". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 33 (3): 649–663. doi:10.2307/4144018. ISSN 0361-0160. JSTOR 4144018.
- ^ Carradice, Phil. "BBC - Wales History: Royal weddings - the Welsh connections". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (1 July 2024). "Maria of Aragon - An overshadowed Queen (Part two)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2019). Emperor: A New Life of Charles V. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300196528. p. 553.
- ^ a b c d e Kosior, Katarzyna (2019), Kosior, Katarzyna (ed.), "Royal Weddings: Protocol, Identity, and Emotion", Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–59, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_2, ISBN 978-3-030-11848-8, retrieved 18 December 2024
- ^ Thomas, Melita (9 August 2018). "Mary Tudor, the queen who married for love". Discover Britain. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ Singh, Sabita (22 August 2019), "Interpretation of Marriage Rituals in Medieval Rajasthan", The Politics of Marriage in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, pp. 85–157, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199491452.003.0003, ISBN 978-0-19-949145-2, retrieved 21 December 2024
- ^ Broomhall, Susan; James, Carolyn (11 April 2024). Elite Women and the Italian Wars, 1494–1559. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-41596-5.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (13 November 2024). "Dorothea of Denmark - Openly forsaking the faith (Part three)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (24 June 2024). "Joanna of Austria - Mother of the King (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Knecht, R. J. (16 July 2014). Catherine de'Medici. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-89687-6.
- ^ Stevenson, David (1997). Scotland's Last Royal Wedding: The Marriage of James VI and Anne of Denmark. John Donald. ISBN 978-0-85976-451-3.
- ^ Watkin, David (1991). "Iungit Amor: Royal Marriage Imagery in France, 1550-1750". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 54 (1): 256–261. doi:10.2307/751497. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 751497.
- ^ a b Kleinman, Ruth (1985). Anne of Austria: Queen of France. Ohio State University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8142-0389-7.
- ^ a b Gosman, Martin; Macdonald, Alasdair James; MacDonald, A. Alasdair A.; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan (1 January 2005). Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650. BRILL. p. 284. ISBN 978-90-04-13690-8.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (5 July 2021). "Eleonora Gonzaga the Elder - The pious Empress". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Toynbee, Margaret (1955). "The Wedding Journey of King Charles I". Archaeologia Cantiana. 69. pp. 75-89. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ^ a b Pellissier, Marie (29 July 2019). "International Politics by Proxy: The Marriage of Princess Louisa, 1743". Georgian Papers Programme. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ Cressy, David (29 May 1997). "Nuptial Vows". Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. Oxford University Press. pp. 336–349. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201687.003.0016. ISBN 978-0-19-820168-7.
- ^ Deák, Éva. (May 2013) "The Wedding Festivities of Gabriel Bethlen and Catherine of Brandenburg." Hungarian Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 251–71.
- ^ Dadson, Trevor J. (1983). The Genoese in Spain: Gabriel Bocángel Y Unzueta, 1603-1658 : a Biography (in Spanish). Tamesis. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7293-0161-9.
- ^ Wolf, John B. (John Baptiste) (1968). Louis XIV. New York: Norton. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-393-07414-7.
- ^ Acton, Harold (1980) The Last Medici. London: Macmillan. p. 62. ISBN 0-333-29315-0
- ^ Oresko, Robert (2004). "Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy-Nemours (1644–1724): daughter, consort, and Regent of Savoy". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521814225. pp. 16–55.
- ^ Braga, Isabel Drumond (2012). "D. Maria Francisca Isabel de Sabóia (1646-1683), Rainha de Portugal Portugal e o Piemonte: a Casa Real Portuguesa e os Sabóias". Portugal e o Piemonte: a Casa Real Portuguesa e os Sabóias Nove Séculos de Relações Dinásticas e Destinos Políticos (XII-XX) (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. p. 171.
- ^ Wilkinson, Josephine (5 March 2019). Louis XIV. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64313-105-4.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (11 August 2021). "Claudia Felicitas of Austria - Help from God and the angels". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Sternberg, Giora (2014). Status Interaction During the Reign of Louis XIV. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-964034-8.
- ^ Barrett-Graves, D. (7 May 2013). The Emblematic Queen: Extra-Literary Representations of Early Modern Queenship. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-30310-3.
- ^ Rommelse, Gijs (2011). Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750). Routledge. ISBN 978-1409419136.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (13 September 2021). "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - The longest-serving Holy Roman Empress (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (8 January 2021). "Maria Clementina Sobieska - The Jacobite Queen". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (3 July 2017). "Charlotte Aglaé of Orléans - The unhappy Duchess". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ R. deputazione sovra gli studi di storia patria per le antiche provincie e la Lombardia. MIscellanea di storia italiana. 3a serie. Robarts - University of Toronto. Torino : Fratelli Bocca.
- ^ Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen; Morton, Adam (3 November 2016). Queens Consort, Cultural Transfer and European Politics, c.1500-1800. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-317-07288-1.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (26 August 2016). "The Daughters of Marie Leszczyńska and Louis XV of France". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ Dermineur, Elise M. (14 July 2017). Gender and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Sweden: Queen Louisa Ulrika (1720-1782). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-07291-1.
- ^ Bernier, Olivier (1984). Louis the Beloved : the life of Louis XV. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-385-18402-1.
- ^ Cassidy-Geiger, Maureen. (2002) "Hof-Conditorei and Court Celebrations in 18 th Century Dresden." The International Ceramics Fair & Seminar, London. p. 20.
- ^ Symcox, Geoffrey (1 January 1983). Victor Amadeus II: Absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730. University of California Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-520-04974-1.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (15 May 2017). "Princesses Consort of Monaco - Maria Caterina Brignole". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ Kelly, Amy Eloise (6 June 2019). "Maria Fortunata d'Este - The last princess of Conti". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (18 January 2022). Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time. Princeton University Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-691-21985-1.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (17 December 2021). "Isabella of Parma - Exceeding expectations (Part two)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (29 April 2023). "The Coronation of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Emerson, Barbara (1979). Leopold II of the Belgians: King of Colonialism. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-297-77569-0.
- ^ Fraser, Flora (11 March 2012). Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III. A&C Black. p. 1764. ISBN 978-1-4088-3253-0.
- ^ Lescure, Adolphe de. (1864) La Princesse de Lamballe, Marie-Thérèse-Louise de Savoie-Carignan, sa vie, sa mort (1749-1792), d’après des documents inédits. Henri Plon, Imprimeur-Éditeur.
- ^ Bearne, Catherine Mary (1907). A Sister of Marie Antoinette: The Life-story of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples. T. Fisher Unwin. p. 66.
- ^ Fraser, Antonia (2001). Marie Antoinette: the journey. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0-385-48948-5.
- ^ de Reiset, Tony Henri Auguste (1913). Joséphine de Savoie, comtesse de Provence, 1753-1810: d'après des documents inédits (in French). Émile-Paul frères. p. 7.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (23 September 2023). "Marie Clotilde of France - Angel of Peace (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (10 April 2018). "The exile of Frederica of Baden". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (2 September 2016). "María Isabella of Spain's second morganatic marriage". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ "Austrian Diplomacy: The Marriage of Marie Louise to Napoleon". napoleon.org. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ de Saint-Amand, Imbert (2010). The Happy Days of the Empress Marie Louise. Miami: HardPress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4076-4955-9. p. 40.
- ^ Griffin, Sir Lepel Henry (1890). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Civil and Military Gazette Press.
- ^ Macaulay, Neill (1986). Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834. Duke University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8223-0681-8.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (18 March 2020). "Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies - An ambitious Infanta". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Hochschild (friherre), Karl Fredrik Lotarius (1890). Désirée, Queen of Sweden and Norway. Dodd, Mead. p. 72.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carlos, Don". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 344.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (18 August 2020). "Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies - The Saint of Brazil (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ "Foreign News". The Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. 194. 1853. p. 298.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (10 January 2017). "Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen - Too good for this world". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (30 September 2022). "Sisi & Mathilde Ludovika - Sisters and companions". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Bloks, Moniek (29 January 2021). "Maria Pia of Savoy - The penultimate Queen of Portugal (Part two)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Raineval, Melville Henry Massue marquis de Ruvigny et (1914). The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who," of the Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles of Europe. Burke's Peerage. ISBN 978-0-85011-028-9.
 |