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Kerria japonica

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Kerria japonica
Natural form
Cultivar 'Pleniflora'
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Tribe: Kerrieae
Genus: Kerria
DC.
Species:
K. japonica
Binomial name
Kerria japonica
Kerria japonica by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868

Kerria japonica, commonly known as Japanese kerria[1] or Japanese rose,[2] is a deciduous, yellow-flowering shrub in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to China and Japan. It is the only species in the genus Kerria. In the wild, it grows in thickets on mountain slopes. Japanese kerria has been used for medicine and is also planted in gardens. A double-flowered cultivar, K. japonica 'Pleniflora', is commonly called bachelor's buttons.

Name

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The genus name Kerria is also a common name for the species (Kerria). It is named after Scottish gardener William Kerr, who introduced the Japanese kerria cultivar 'Pleniflora'.

In addition to the common names mentioned above, it is also known as Japanese marigold bush or miracle marigold bush in northern New England,[citation needed] although K. japonica is not closely related to the true marigolds (Calendula spp.), which are asterids.

It is sometimes known by its Japanese name yamabuki (山吹/ヤマブキ)[3] lit. "mountain butterbur" or "mountain breeze"[4]); its Chinese name is dìtáng (huā) (棣棠[花]).[5]

Description

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Kerria japonica grows to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) tall, with weak arching stems often scrambling over other vegetation or rocks. In the wild it grows in thickets on mountain slopes. The leaves are alternate, simple, 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) long, with a doubly serrated margin. The flowers are golden yellow, with five petals, and evenly-spaced along branches of new green growth. The fruit is a dry single-seeded achene 4–4.5 mm long.[6]

Cultivation

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Kerria is valued in gardens for its golden yellow flowers, which appear in the spring. It is best grown with some shade from full sunlight to avoid blanching the flowers, and needs to be pruned after flowering to maintain health and vigour.[7] Two cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, K. japonica 'Golden guinea'[8] and the double-flowered K. japonica 'Pleniflora', commonly known as bachelor's buttons.[9][10]

Pests and diseases

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Since 2014 the UK's Royal Horticultural Society has been receiving reports from gardeners and horticulturalists of damage to plants of the shrub Kerria japonica. Symptoms include multiple red spots on leaves, and lesions on the stems, resulting in defoliation and eventual death. It has been determined that this infection is caused by the fungus Blumeriella kerriae, which is specific to the kerria. This highly contagious disease, known in English as kerria twig and leaf blight, was known in the U.S. but has not previously been observed on British plants. It is regarded as a serious threat to the cultivated kerria plants, which are popular garden shrubs.[11]

Medicinal use

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The plant has anti-inflammatory properties and a decoction of the flowering shoots with honey has been used in China in the treatment of coughs and gynecological disorders.[12][13]

Chemistry

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The leaves and roots contain 0.002% Hydrogen cyanide, while the tender shoots are a rich source of Vitamin C (200 mg/100g) and the seeds contain 44.9% protein and 45.3% fat.[13] The flower petals contain the O-methylated flavonoid pectolinarin, (5,7-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyflavone-7-rutinoside), a cytotoxic compound known also as Neolinarin and found also in Linaria spp., Kickxia elatine and the Duranta species D. plumieri.[14]

In culture

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#FFA400[15][16]
#FFBF00
#F8B500[17]

Kerria japonica is mentioned frequently in the Man'yōshū, the oldest extant collection of Japanese poetry from the AD first millennium. In addition, the Japanese call the golden yellow color (variously #FFA400, #FFBF00, #F8B500) between orange and yellow yamabuki color (山吹色 yamabuki-iro), from the name of the plant.

Qing Dynasty poet Chen Hao (陳淏) celebrated the beauty of Kerria japonica in his agricultural treatise the Flower Mirror [ja; zh] (花鏡).

References

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  1. ^ "Kerria japonica". North Carolina Extension: Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Kerria japonica". USDA Plants Database. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ^ Cannon, Garland Hampton (1996). "yamabuki". The Japanese contributions to the English language: an historical dictionary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 136. ISBN 3-447-03764-4.
  4. ^ フキ "Butterbur"
  5. ^ "Kerria japonica Synonym". Flora of China. Retrieved 10 December 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda; Hideaki Ohba. "Kerria japonica". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  7. ^ "How to prune a Kerria japonica". SF Gate Homeguides. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Kerria japonica 'Golden Guinea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  9. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Kerria japonica 'Pleniflora'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  10. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 57. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  11. ^ "Kerria twig and leaf blight". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  12. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012). "Kerria japonica". CRC World dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms and etymology. Vol. III E-L. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 661–2.
  13. ^ a b Duke, A.; Ayensu, Edward S. (1985). Medicinal Plants of China. Vol. II. Reference Publications, inc. p. 546. ISBN 0-917256-27-1.
  14. ^ Blunt, John W.; Munro, Murray H. G. (2007). Dictionary of Marine Natural Products. Chapman & Hall/CRC Taylor and Francis Group. p. 614. ISBN 9780849382161.
  15. ^ "Golden yellow (And a particular rose varietal) (Yamabuki-iro) / #ffa400 Hex Color Code".
  16. ^ "山吹色 (Yamabuki-iro) Color". color-name.
  17. ^ "山吹色 やまぶきいろ #f8b500の色見本とカラーコード - 和色大辞典".
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