Katla language

Katla
Katla
Kaalak
Native to	Sudan
Region	Nuba Hills
Ethnicity	Katla, Gulud
Native speakers	25,000 Julud (2009); Possibly 14,000 Katla (1984)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Kordofanian Katla Katla; ; ;
Dialects	Katla-Cakom; Katla-Kulharong; Julud;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kcr
Glottolog	katl1237 Katla; julu1237 Julud
ELP	Katla

Katla (also Kaalak or Kwaalak) is a Katla language, closely related to a neighbouring language called Tima. Katla is generally classified as Kordofanian, which is not a uniform branch, and is native to the Nuba Mountains.^[3] While Jalad is seen a dialect there is a clear distinction between the two groups. Similarly one can distinguish Katla into east and west Katla dialects,^[4] it is believed to be spoken in 11 villages around Jebel Katla and their ethnicity is kàlàk.^[4]

The variety Julud is mutually intelligible with Katla-Kulharong but not with Katla-Cakom.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Velar	Labial- velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless		t̪	t	(c)	k	k͡p	(ʔ)
	voiced	b	d̪	d	ɟ	ɡ	ɡ͡b
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd̪	ⁿd	ᶮɟ	ᵑɡ
Fricative				s	(ʃ)			h
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Rhotic				r	ɽ
Approximant		w		l	j

Sounds [c] and [ʃ] occur as realizations of /s/.^[5]

Consonants in the Julut dialect^[6]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Labial-velar
Plosive	voiceless		t̪	ʈ		k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ	ɟ	ɡ	ɡ͡b
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd̪	ᶯɖ	ᶮɟ	ᵑɡ
Fricative		f	s		ʃ
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Rhotic			r	ɽ
Approximant		w	l		j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

/i, u/ can also be realized as [ɪ, ʊ].^[5]

Vowels in the Julut dialect^[6]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close	ɪ		ʊ
Mid	e	ə	o
Mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		ɐ
Open		a

Nouns

Plural

Most of the time nouns in Katla do not have a plural, either numbers are put in front of the word or a quantifier is used. Often loanwords do not follow this rule and therefore change in their plural form.^[7]

Genitive case

In some cases Katla places the genitive after the subject, as in other Sudanese languages: ‚u gbalana‘ " the dog’s owner ". Usually this is avoided and put in between both nouns: ‚gas i gu‘ „the dog’s head“.^[8]

Subjective case

The subjective case is put infringement of the verb. In the case of multiple objects each one gets a case:

‘gu šekemole retet’ “The dog bit the gazelle”^[8]

Pronouns

^[9]	singular	plural
1st person	Ṇ-	Ni-, N-, Ń-
2nd person	Dj-	Dj-
3rd person	Y-	Y-

Numbers

Source:^[10]

tẹták
sẹk
hātẹd
agálam
jẹgwūlẹn
djọltẹn
djolēk
taṅgẹl
djalbatẹn
rākwẹs

Dialects and locations

Dialects and village locations:^[1]

Julud dialect: Kabog, Kabog North, Kabosh, Kambai, Karkando, Karkarya, Kary, Kimndang, Kitanngo, Kolbi, Koto Kork, Octiang, Rumber, Sabba, and Tolot
Katla dialect: Bombori, Karoka, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, and Koldrong

References

^ ^a ^b Katla at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Katla language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
^ Birgit Hellwig 2013, p. 238.
^ ^a ^b Brigit Hellwig 2013, p. 238.
^ ^a ^b Tucker, Archibald N.; Bryan, Margaret A. (1966). The Katla Group. In Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa: London: Oxford University Press.
^ ^a ^b Nüsslein, Ulrike (2020). A Grammar of Kordofanian Julut with Particular Consideration of the Verbal Morphology. Köln: Köppe. pp. 30–31.
^ Meinhof 1917, p. 219.
^ ^a ^b Meinhof 1917, p. 221.
^ Meinhof, Carl. 1916-1917. Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan 14: Katla. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen VII. 212-235. p.224
^ Meinhof, Carl. 1916-1917. Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan 14: Katla. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen VII. 212-235. p.223

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[e25-1] Katla at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[2] Katla language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[FOOTNOTEBirgit_Hellwig2013238-3] Birgit Hellwig 2013, p. 238.

[FOOTNOTEBrigit_Hellwig2013238-4] Brigit Hellwig 2013, p. 238.

[:0-5] Tucker, Archibald N.; Bryan, Margaret A. (1966). The Katla Group. In Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa: London: Oxford University Press.

[:1-6] Nüsslein, Ulrike (2020). A Grammar of Kordofanian Julut with Particular Consideration of the Verbal Morphology. Köln: Köppe. pp. 30–31.

[FOOTNOTEMeinhof1917219-7] Meinhof 1917, p. 219.

[FOOTNOTEMeinhof1917221-8] Meinhof 1917, p. 221.

[9] Meinhof, Carl. 1916-1917. Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan 14: Katla. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen VII. 212-235. p.224

[10] Meinhof, Carl. 1916-1917. Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan 14: Katla. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen VII. 212-235. p.223

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