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Illeism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Illeism (/ˈɪli.ɪzəm/; from Latin ille: “he; that man”) is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person. It is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real-life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances.

In literature

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Early literature such as Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon's Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity.

In an essay, theologian Richard B. Hays challenged earlier findings that he disagrees with: "These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length."[1]

Illeism may also be used to show idiocy, as with the character Mongo in Blazing Saddles, e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life"; though it may also show innocent simplicity, as it does with Harry Potter's Dobby the Elf ("Dobby has come to protect, even if he does have to shut his ears in the oven door").[citation needed] The childlike Sesame Street Muppet character Elmo almost exclusively speaks in the third person.

In the Babylonian Talmud and related texts, illeism is used extensively, often taking the form of the speaker utilizing the expression hahu gavra ("That man") when referring to himself.[2]

In everyday speech

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In different contexts, illeism can be used to reinforce self-promotion, as used to sometimes comic effect by Bob Dole throughout his political career ("When the president is ready to deploy, Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor", Bob Dole speaking about the Strategic Defense Initiative at the NCPAC convention, 1987). This was particularly made notable during the United States presidential election of 1996 and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards. Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost noted that speaking in the third person "is a classic technique used by generations of Bollywood scriptwriters to establish a character's aristocracy, power and gravitas".[3]

On the other hand, third person self-referral can be associated with self-deprecation, irony, and not taking oneself too seriously (since the excessive use of the pronoun "I" is often seen as a sign of narcissism and egocentrism),[4] as well as with eccentricity in general. Psychological studies show that thinking and speaking of oneself in the third person increases wisdom and has a positive effect on one's mental state because an individual who does so is more intellectually humble, more capable of empathy and understanding the perspectives of others, and is able to distance emotionally from one's own problems.[5][6][7][8]

Accordingly, in certain Eastern religions, like Hinduism, illeism is sometimes seen as a sign of enlightenment, since through it, an individual detaches their eternal self (atman) from their bodily form; in particular, Jnana yoga encourages its practitioners to refer to themselves in the third person.[9] Known illeists of that sort include Swami Ramdas,[10] Anandamayi Ma,[11] and Mata Amritanandamayi.[12]

A number of celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe,[13][14] Alice Cooper,[15] and Deanna Durbin,[16] referred to themselves in the third person to distance their public persona from their actual self. Mary J. Blige, in her song "Family Affair", introduces herself in the third person.

Some parents use illeism (refer to themselves as "Daddy" or "Mommy") because very young children may not yet understand that the pronouns "I" and "you" refer to different people based on context.[17][18] Toddlers acquiring speech often refer to themselves in the third person before learning proper usage of the pronoun "I", and their speech evolves past using illeism once they develop a strong sense of self-recognition, often before age two.[19]

Notable illeists

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Real people

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Politics and military

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Sports

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Entertainment

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Religion and spirituality

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Other

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Fictional characters

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Books

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  • Major Bagstock, the apoplectic retired Indian army officer in Charles Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848), refers to himself solely as Joseph, Old Joe, Joey B, Bagstock, Josh, J.B., Anthony Bagstock, and other variants of his own name.[70]
  • Captain Hook in J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan and Wendy (1911): "'Better for Hook,' he cried, 'if he had had less ambition!' It was in his darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person."[71]
  • Winnetou, a Native American character in the eponymous novel by Karl May.[72][73]
  • Hercule Poirot, a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie, usually refers to himself in the third person.[74]
  • Gollum in The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) spoke in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talked to himself—"through having no one else to speak to", as Tolkien put it in The Hobbit.[75]
  • Charlie Gordon in the acclaimed novel Flowers for Algernon (1959) speaks in third person in the "being outside one's body and watching things happen" manner in his flashbacks to his abusive and troubled childhood suffering from phenylketonuria.[76]
  • Boday, a quirky female artist in Jack Chalker's Changewinds trilogy (1987–88).[77]
  • Y. T., a teenage girl in Snow Crash (1992) by Neal Stephenson.[78]
  • Bast the Wood Elf in The Council Wars series by John Ringo.
  • The healer and wisewoman Magda Digby in the Owen Archer series (1993–2019) by Candace Robb.[79]
  • Jaqen H'ghar, an assassin of the Faceless Men in the fantasy suite A Song of Ice and Fire (1996–), consistently refers to himself ("a man") as well as frequently the person he is addressing (e.g. "a girl") in impersonal, third person form, and never by name.[80]
  • Dobby the Elf in the Harry Potter series (1997–2007).
  • Ramona, the housekeeper and mentor in Silver Ravenwolf's Witches Chillers series (2000–01).[81]
  • The old man Nakata in Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore (2002).[82][83]
  • Tigger in the Winnie the Pooh books, films and television series frequently refers to himself in the third-person plural, e.g. "That's what Tiggers do best!"

Comics

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  • Doctor Doom is known for more often than not referring to himself as "Doom" instead of "me" or "I".[84]
  • The Hulk[84]
  • Solomon Grundy[84]
  • Mantis almost always refers to herself as "Mantis", "she", and "this one"; this has to do with her upbringing at the Temple of the Priests of Pama, an alien pacifistic sect heavily inspired by real-life Eastern religious movements.[85]
  • Namor

Television

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Film

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Manga and anime

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Video games

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Richard B. Hays, “‘Here We Have No Lasting City’: New Covenantalism in Hebrews” in Richard J. Bauckham et al. (eds.), The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 151–173, esp. 151–152, 167.
  2. ^ Cf. Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chagigah 15a
  3. ^ "Rahul Gandhi, blurring lines between filmi and real politicians". Firstpost. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  4. ^ Raskin, Robert (1988). "Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns". Journal of Personality. 56 (2): 393–404. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00892.x. PMID 3404383.
  5. ^ "Illeism: The ancient trick to help you think more wisely". BBC. 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  6. ^ "Why speaking to yourself in the third person makes you wiser". Aeon. 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  7. ^ "The Benefits of Talking About Yourself in the Third Person". HowStuffWorks. 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  8. ^ "The Psychological Case for Talking in the Third Person". Mic. 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  9. ^ "Hinduism-The Religious Life". uwyo.edu. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Swami Ramdas". bhagavan-ramana.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  11. ^ a b Aymard, Orianne (2014-05-01). When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199368631.
  12. ^ a b "rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/Mata Amritanandmayi". rediff.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  13. ^ a b Spoto, Donald (2001). Marilyn Monroe: The Biography. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 324. ISBN 9780815411833.
  14. ^ a b Leaming, Barbara (2010). Marilyn Monroe. Crown. p. 404. ISBN 9780307557773.
  15. ^ a b Whitworth, Melissa (August 28, 2007). "Alice Cooper: 'Some people turn to God, I turned to golf'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Private letter to film historian/critic William K. Everson in the late 1970s
  17. ^ "Language – Why do parents refer to themselves in the third person?".
  18. ^ "Why do We Refer to Ourselves in the Third Person when We Talk to Our Kids?".
  19. ^ Lewis, Michael; Ramsay, Douglas (2004). "Development of Self-Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year". Child Development. 75 (6): 1821–1831. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00819.x. ISSN 1467-8624. PMID 15566382.
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  21. ^ See the Wikisource of the book: s:The Education of Henry Adams
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  52. ^ Canales, Luis (1990). Imperial Gina: The Very Unauthorized Biography of Gina Lollobrigida. Boston: Brookline Village. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8283-1932-4. Another Lollobrigida trait that may have caused her to be less appreciated by some fellow-workers was her habit of referring to herself in the third person: "I am the expert on Lollobrigida," or "This is the last time Gina does a picture in two different languages."
  53. ^ Hyams, Joe (29 July 1956). "A simple country girl". Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Boston Globe. "I found that in addition to having a ready sense of humor, Gina always speaks and thinks of herself in the third person because there are two Gina Lollobrigidas: the actress and the woman."
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