GIM mechanism
In particle physics, the Glashow–Iliopoulos–Maiani (GIM) mechanism is allegedly the mechanism through which flavour-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are suppressed in loop diagrams. It also explains why weak interactions that change strangeness by 2 (ΔS = 2 transitions) are suppressed, while those that change strangeness by 1 (ΔS = 1 transitions) are allowed, but only in charged current interactions. It is named after physicists Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani.
History
[edit]The mechanism was put forth in a famous paper by Glashow, Iliopoulos & Maiani (1970);[1] at that time, only three quarks (up, down, and strange) were thought to exist. James Bjorken and Glashow [Bjorken & Glashow (1964)] had previously predicted a fourth quark,[2] but there was little evidence for its existence. The GIM mechanism however, required the existence of a fourth quark, and the prediction of the charm quark is usually credited to Glashow, Iliopoulos, and Maiani (initials "G. I. M.").[1]
Description
[edit]The mechanism relies on the unitarity of the charged weak current flavor mixing matrix, which enters in the two vertices of a one-loop box diagram involving W boson exchanges. Even though Z0 boson exchanges are flavor-neutral (i.e. prohibit FCNC), the box diagram induces FCNC, but at a very small level. The smallness is set by the mass-squared difference of the different virtual quarks exchanged in the box diagram, originally the u-c quarks, on the scale of the W mass.
The smallness of this quantity accounts for the suppressed induced FCNC, dictating a rare decay, , illustrated in the figure. If that mass difference were ignorable, the minus sign between the two interfering box diagrams (itself a consequence of unitarity of the Cabibbo matrix) would lead to a complete cancellation, and thus a null effect.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Glashow, S.L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak interactions with lepton–hadron symmetry". Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285.
- ^ Bjorken, B.J.; Glashow, S.L. (1964). "Elementary particles and SU(4)". Physics Letters. 11 (3): 255–257. Bibcode:1964PhL....11..255B. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0.
Further reading
[edit]- Das, Ashok; Ferbel, Thomas (2006) [2003]. "Chapter 14 Standard Model and confrontation with data". Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics (2nd ed.). Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 345ff. ISBN 981-238-744-7. OCLC 849916889. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
- Iliopoulos, J. (2010). "Glashow–Iliopoulos–Maiani mechanism". Scholarpedia. 5 (5): 7125. Bibcode:2010SchpJ...5.7125I. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.7125.
- Popescu, Bogdan F. (February 2006). "Weak interactions (1)" (course notes). Physics 842. University of Cincinnati. pp. 45–48. weak1.ppt. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.