Aqua Appia

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The Aqua Appia was the first Roman aqueduct, constructed in 312 BC by the co-censors Gaius Plautius Venox and Appius Claudius Caecus, the same Roman censor who also built the important Via Appia.^[1]

Gaius Plautius Venox chose the source of the aqueduct thus giving him the nickname Venox (Hunter). However, Appius Claudius had the aqueduct named after him as at the time that the aqueduct was being built the 18 month terms of Plautius and Appius as censors was coming to an end and Plautius resigned in a timely manner. However, Appius kept his position by "various subterfuges" in order to extend his term to finish the Via Appia and the Aqua Appia.^[2]

The Appia fed the city of Rome with an estimated 73000 m³ of water per day.

Its source was "on the vast Lucullus estate, between the seventh and eighth milestones, on the Via Praenestina, on a crossroad, 780 paces (1150 m) to the left.^[2] It is probable that the source was a group of springs in a stretch of marshland with a single collecting basin or reservoir.^[3]

It flowed for 16.4 km (10.2 mi) to Rome from the east and emptied into the Forum Boarium near the Porta Trigemina. Nearly all of its length before entering the city was underground, which was necessary because of the relative heights of its source and destination, and which also afforded it protection from attackers during the Samnite Wars that were underway during its construction.^[1] After entering the hilly area of Rome, the aqueduct alternated between tunnels through the Caelian and Aventine Hills and an elevated section. A detailed modern model of ancient Rome shows the aqueduct running along the top of the Servian Wall above the Porta Capena.^[4] It dropped only 10 metres (33 ft) over its entire length, making it a remarkable engineering achievement for its day.

The Appia ended at the Clivus Publicus at a place called Salinae below the Aventine Hill. The water was distributed to twenty reservoirs through piping. The aqueduct served the private Baths of Decius and Baths of Licinius Sura on the Aventine. The level of the channel was too low to be able to provide water to the hills.

In 2017, a section of the aqueduct was excavated beneath Piazza Celimontana and has been removed for reconstruction elsewhere.^[5]

Rome's first aqueduct was in response to the growing city and population which may have suffered a prolonged drought and major sanitary issues which affected their existing water supplies.

The Aqua Appia was the first test of Roman engineering of its type and is unsophisticated in comparison to Rome's ten other aqueducts. Raffaelo Fabretti, one of the first to excavate the Appia, characterises it as "The first fruits of Rome's Foresight and greatness".^[6] Nevertheless, the Appia was kept in use into the era of Augustus Caesar through regular maintenance, renovations and even an expansion. Little of the original material remains today and much of information on the aqueduct comes from Frontinus who was appointed as water commissioner and recorded the technical, and some historical, details of the Appia about four hundred years after its completion.

Although there were no formal Roman predecessors for the Aqua Appia, there were plenty of examples in the Greek and Etruscan world. The difference between them is the fact that the Romans favoured masonry conduits rather than the terracotta pipes which were generally used by the Greeks throughout the history of their aqueducts. The Romans could indirectly have been influenced by the Iranian qanat, a tunnel driven into a hillside to tap an aquiferous stratum deep inside it.^[7] It is believed that the Etruscan water channel system, the cuniculi is a form of the qanat and the Romans' contacts with the Etruscans influenced them.

After all, the earliest aqueduct at Rome, The Aqua Appia, was itself entirely underground and in engineering if not in purpose of function, can have differed little from an Etruscan cuniculis^[8]

— Trevor A. Hodge, Roman aqueducts & water supply

The conduit was carved out of the bedrock and the walls of the channel were lined with carved tufa stone. Furthermore, the stones were poorly cut and poorly fitted which speaks to the structural integrity of the conduit. The roof was ridged with broad shelves on either side. The earliest archaeological evidence was excavated by Raffaello Fabretti and Rodolfo Lanciani whose records show "It consisted of a considerable stretch of channel cut into the tufa of the hill, and lined, possibly at a later time, with walls of rough cut stone". Furthermore, "the channel that was cut into the rock was five and a half feet square with a vaulted roof with a rise of six inches. The walls with which the channel was lined consisted of three courses of cappellaccio (tufa) blocks, 50 to 55 cm high, laid without mortar".^[9] Later, a second section was found at the corner of Via di Porta S. Paolo and Via di San Saba which measured 6 feet (1.8 m) in height and 2 feet (0.61 m) in width. The characteristics are the same as those described by Fabretti in his excavations except for the roof. The roof was ridged by the joining of two slabs of cappellaccio to form a gable. This is a similar construction found in the Anio Vetus aqueduct which could be evidence of renovations made in 144 BC.

As with most aqueducts, the conduit was big enough to allow maintenance crews to walk inside to clean out any debris or make any repairs. Also, it is most likely that there were shafts with footholes within the countryside giving access. Regular cleaning up of debris was necessary since, as Frontinus' records indicate, there was no settling tank in the route of the Appia, "Neither Virgo, nor Appia, nor Alsietina has a receiving reservoir or catch-basin".^[10]

For the most part, the channel was 50–55 centimetres (20–22 in) underground throughout its course which is relatively shallow in comparison to the other aqueducts perhaps because the Romans were adapting what they knew about their practice in sewers.

Over the years more aqueducts were built with increasing sophistication and the Aqua Appia was neglected for some time. Nevertheless, the Appia was still kept in use, a few renovations were made, and it was expanded by Augustus to allow it to supply more water. In 144 BC the Senate ordered Quintus Marcius Rex to repair the leaks that were forming in the channel and to reclaim the water that was being illegally redirected by citizens who had tapped into the aqueduct.^[11] Agrippa made minor repairs again in 33 BC. This phase of renovation is thought to be part of the promise made by Augustus to renovate all of the older aqueducts and add to the Appia by building a new branch called the ramus Augustae whose source was near the source of the Appia "at the sixth milestone, on the Via Praenestina, on a crossroad, 980 paces to the left, near the Via Collatina".^[2] The ramus Augustae ran an independent course of 6,380 paces to the spes setus where it joined the Appia. It is this point that Frontinus refers to as Gemelli (the Twins).

By the end of the 1st century BC, part of it seems to have been used as a sewer as a recently found section in the Metro C line below Piazza Celimontana contained household waste, particularly food remains.^[5]

• Ancient Roman technology
• Parco degli Acquedotti
• List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
• List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
• List of Roman aqueducts by date

• Coarelli, Filippo. Rome and environs: an archaeological guide. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
• Van Deman, Esther Boise. The building of the Roman aqueducts. Washington: Carnegie institution of Washington, 1934.
• Frontinus, Sextus Julius. The Stratagems and The Aqueducts of Rome. 1925. Reprint. London: William Heinemann LTD, 1961.
• Alfred Trevor Hodge (Q21524343). Roman aqueducts & water supply. London: Duckworth, 1992.
• "Website on Roman aqueducts." Website on Roman aqueducts. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2014.
• Gerda de Kleijn (Q65643481). The aqueducts of Rome The Water Supply of Ancient Rome. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2001.
• N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Website on Roman aqueducts." Website on Roman aqueducts. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2014.
• Winslow, E. M.. A libation to the gods; the story of the Roman aqueducts. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1963.

• Media related to Aqua Appia (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
• Aqua Appia entry on the Lacus Curtius website
• Information on Roman aqueducts
• From a list of 25 aqueducts described in detail Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine

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