William B. Washburn

William Barrett Washburn was born on January 31, 1820, in Winchendon, Massachusetts, to Asa and Phoebe (Whitney) Washburn. His father was a hat maker from a family with deep colonial roots; Emory Washburn, who was governor of Massachusetts in 1854, was a distant cousin. Asa Washburn died in 1823.^[2]

Washburn was educated in the academies at Hancock and Westminster, and then attended Yale College, graduating in 1844.^[3] He was a member of the Skull and Bones Society.^[4] He was employed as a store clerk from 1844 to 1847 in the business of his uncle in Orange. He established a chair factory in Erving, operating it from 1847 to 1857 and parlaying a $10,000 ($330,000 in 2023 dollars) investment into a wood products business whose annual production exceeded $150,000 ($4,910,000).^[3] In 1849, he cofounded the Franklin County Trust Company, on whose board he sat until 1858.^[5] He moved to Greenfield in 1857, where he was elected president of the Greenfield Bank (later the First National Bank), a post he would hold for the rest of his life.^[6]

In 1847, Washburn married Hannah Sweetser of Athol; the couple had six children,^[7] with four surviving to adulthood.^[8]

Washburn won election to the Massachusetts Senate in 1850 and served two years in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1853 to 1855.^[9] His elections to the state legislature were supported by proponents of the Hoosac Tunnel.^[6] In 1862, Washburn ran for Congress as a Republican, winning election to the 38th Congress against no opposition. He was reelected four times, winning each time by wide margins.^[10] He was viewed as relatively moderate, in comparison to the mostly Radical Republican Massachusetts delegation.^[11] He served as chairman of the Committee on Claims during the 41st Congress.^[12]

In 1871, Washburn ran for governor of Massachusetts. The Republican Party was then dominant in state politics,^[13] and a number of well-known politicians vied for the party nomination to replace outgoing Governor William Claflin. Most prominent was the former Congressman and American Civil War general Benjamin F. Butler, who was disliked by the fiscally conservative state Republican establishment over his support for the continued issuance of greenbacks (currency not backed by silver or gold),^[14] and who frequently used populist tactics to upset convention proceedings. Butler's opponents eventually united behind Washburn to give him the nomination, and he won the general election by a 13,000 vote margin over John Quincy Adams II and a labor candidate.^[15] He was reelected to further terms in 1872 and 1873, the former despite dissension in Republican ranks that had resulted in the splitting off of the Liberal Republican Party, who fielded Francis W. Bird.^[16] The 1873 convention was particularly affected by the actions of Butler supporters, but Washburn prevailed and was again comfortably reelected.^[17] Washburn's three victories over Butler in these conventions marked a low point in the latter's career.^[18]

The major event of 1872 during Washburn's tenure as governor was the Great Boston Fire of 1872, which destroyed 65 acres (26 ha) of prime commercial real estate in the city on November 9. The legislature was called into a special session to enable the provision of state assistance. Measures it passed included a bill simplifying the establishment of insurance companies, since several were bankrupted by the blaze, and a bill authorizing the city to issue bonds to speed the rebuilding effort.^[19] 1873 brought a new round of state funding in the amount of $200,000 to fund the final completion of the Hoosac Tunnel, a tightening of the state's alcohol prohibition laws, and the establishments of a new prison in Concord (now MCI Concord) and a mental hospital in Salem.^[20] In 1874, Washburn signed legislation establishing a women's reformatory.^[21] Although Washburn was a supporter of women's suffrage, the matter was not seriously considered by the legislature during his term.^[22] He also supported legislation reforming the state's child labor and education laws, which were widely flouted.^[23] He opposed enactment of a labor bill limiting work to ten hours per day, a subject of regular labor agitation during his tenure.^[24]

When United States Senator Charles Sumner died in March 1874, the state senate, which then chose the state's US senators, met to choose his replacement. After a long and contentious debate involving thirty-three ballots,^[25] Washburn was chosen to succeed Sumner as a compromise candidate acceptable to supporters of Henry L. Dawes and George F. Hoar. Washburn then resigned the governorship, leaving Lieutenant Governor Thomas Talbot as acting governor.^[26] Washburn served from April 17, 1874, until the term ended on March 3, 1875, and refused to run for reelection.^[12]

Not long after leaving the governorship, Washburn was appointed to a state commission established to investigate the finances and operations of the Hoosac Tunnel,^[27] whose construction, originally estimated at $2 million ($70,000,000), had instead cost over $14 million ($390,000,000) and the financing and involvement of the state to complete.^[28] This commission filed its report with the legislature in 1875.^[27]

Washburn served at various times as a trustee of Yale, the Massachusetts Agricultural College (now UMass Amherst), Amherst College, and Smith College,^[29] whose Washburn House he funded.^[30] Harvard University conferred a law degree upon him in 1872.^[29] He was a member of a number of missionary societies, which were major beneficiaries of his estate.^[31] He was a benefactor of the Greenfield Public Library, funding the construction of its first building and endowing it with funds.^[6]

Washburn died in Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1887, while attending a session of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), of which he was a member. He was buried in Green River Cemetery in Greenfield.^[1]

• The Baptist Home Mission Monthly. New York: American Baptist Home Mission Society. 1887.
• History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts. 1879.
• Austin, George Lowell (1876). The History of Massachusetts: From the Landing of the Pilgrims to the Present Time. Boston: B. B. Russell. OCLC 3534448.
• Baum, Dale (March 1983). "Woman Suffrage and the "Chinese Question": The Limits of Radical Republicanism in Massachusetts, 1865–1876". The New England Quarterly. 56 (1): 69–70. doi:10.2307/365311. JSTOR 365311.
• Baum, Dale (1984). The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807815885.
• Blewett, Mary (2000). Constant Turmoil: The Politics of Industrial Life in Nineteenth-century New England. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558492394. OCLC 247898378.
• Giddings, George (1890). American Christian rulers; or, Religion and men of government. New York: Bromfield. p. 502. OCLC 5929456.
• Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273. (five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century)
• Hurd, Duane (1889). History of Worcester County, Massachusetts, Volume 2. Philadelphia: J.W. Lewis & Co. OCLC 3713110.
• Lockwood, John et al (eds) (1926). Western Massachusetts; a history, 1636–1925, Volume 2. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• McGee, Francis; et al. (1904). History of Greenfield: Shire Town of Franklin County, Massachusetts, Volume 2. Greenfield, MA: T. Morey & Son. OCLC 832986027.
• Millegan, Kris (2003). Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. Walterville, OR: Trine Day. ISBN 0-9720207-2-1.
• Mohr, James (1976). Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801817748.
• Roe, Alfred (January 1902). "The Governors of Massachusetts". The New England Magazine. 25 (6). OCLC 1644447.
• Schiffler, Michael (2008). Power Struggles: Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262195829.
• Tager, Jack; Herman, Jennifer (2008). Massachusetts Encyclopedia. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishing. ISBN 9781878592651. OCLC 198759722.
• West, Richard Sedgewick (1965). Lincoln's Scapegoat General: A Life of Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 241783.
• Williams, H. Clay, ed. (1883). Biographical Encyclopedia of Massachusetts in the 19th Century, Volume 2. Boston: Metropolitan Publishing and Engraving Company. OCLC 4952161.