Wikipedia

The Bridge on the River Kwai

This article is about the film. For the novel, see The Bridge over the River Kwai. For the real bridge, see Burma Railway § Bridge 277: Bridge on the River Khwae.

The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 epic war film directed by David Lean and based on the 1952 novel written by Pierre Boulle. Boulle's novel and the film's screenplay are almost entirely fictional, but use the construction of the Burma Railway, in 1942–1943, as their historical setting.[3] The cast includes William Holden, Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, and Sessue Hayakawa.

The Bridge on the River Kwai
American theatrical release poster, "Style A"
Directed byDavid Lean
Screenplay by
Based onThe Bridge over the River Kwai
by Pierre Boulle
Produced bySam Spiegel
Starring
CinematographyJack Hildyard
Edited byPeter Taylor
Music byMalcolm Arnold
Production
company
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release dates
  • 2 October 1957 (1957-10-02) (London-premiere)
  • 11 October 1957 (1957-10-11) (United Kingdom)
  • 14 December 1957 (1957-12-14) (United States)
Running time
161 minutes
CountriesUnited Kingdom
United States[1]
LanguagesEnglish
Japanese
Budget$2.8 million[2]
(equivalent to $29 million in 2022)
Box office$30.6 million[2](equivalent to $319 million in 2022)
The film's trailer

It was initially scripted by screenwriter Carl Foreman, who was later replaced by Michael Wilson. Both writers had to work in secret, as they were on the Hollywood blacklist and had fled to the UK in order to continue working. As a result, Boulle, who did not speak English, was credited and received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay; many years later, Foreman and Wilson posthumously received the Academy Award.[4]

The Bridge on the River Kwai is now widely recognized as one of the greatest films ever made. It was the highest-grossing film of 1957 and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics. The film won seven Academy Awards (including Best Picture) at the 30th Academy Awards. In 1997, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress.[5][6] It has been included on the American Film Institute's list of best American films ever made.[7][8] In 1999, the British Film Institute voted The Bridge on the River Kwai the 11th greatest British film of the 20th century.

Plot

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In 1943, a contingent of British prisoners of war, led by Colonel Nicholson, arrive at a Japanese prison camp in Thailand. United States Navy Commander Shears tells Nicholson that the camp conditions are horrific. Nicholson forbids any escape attempts because headquarters ordered them to surrender. Also, the dense surrounding jungle renders escape virtually impossible.

Colonel Saito, the camp commandant, informs the prisoners they will construct a railway bridge over the River Kwai connecting Bangkok and Rangoon. Nicholson objects, citing the Geneva Convention exempting officers from manual labour. Saito threatens to have the officers shot, but Major Clipton, the British medical officer, warns him there are too many witnesses. The officers are left standing in the intense heat until evening when Saito then confines them to a punishment hut. Nicholson is beaten and locked in an iron box.

Shears and two other prisoners try to escape, though only Shears survives. Wounded, he wanders into a Thai village, where he is nursed back to health. He eventually recuperates in the British colony of Ceylon.

The bridge construction proceeds badly due to incompetent Japanese engineering and the prisoners' slow pace and sabotage. Saito informs Nicholson he is expected to commit ritual suicide if the construction is not completed by the deadline. Desperate, he releases Nicholson and his officers, exempting them from manual labour. Nicholson, shocked by the poor job his men have done, orders the design and building of a proper bridge. He considers it a lasting tribute to the British Army's ingenuity but Clipton argues it is collaboration with the enemy. Nicholson's obsession drives him to volunteer his officers to work on the project.

Major Warden tries to recruit Shears for a commando mission to destroy the bridge. Shears refuses, revealing he impersonated an officer in hopes of better treatment as a prisoner. He is informed that they already knew of his deception, and that he has been temporarily transferred to the British military and therefore has no choice. Warden, Shears, and two others—Chapman and Joyce—parachute into Thailand. Chapman dies on landing, and Warden is wounded in an encounter with a Japanese patrol. Khun Yai, a village chief, and a group of Thai women guide Warden, Shears, and Joyce to the river. Under cover of darkness, Shears and Joyce plant explosives at the base of the bridge towers. The first train to cross the bridge is scheduled for the following day, and Warden wants to destroy both the train and the bridge. By daybreak, however, the river level has dropped, exposing the wire leading to the detonator.

Nicholson spots the wire, and he and Saito investigate as the train approaches. Nicholson pulls up the wire on the riverbank, leading them toward Joyce, who is manning the detonator. Joyce breaks cover and stabs Saito to death. Nicholson inexplicably calls to Japanese soldiers for help and attempts to stop Joyce from reaching the detonator. After Joyce is shot, Shears swims across the river to detonate the explosives, but is wounded. Recognizing Shears, Nicholson exclaims, "What have I done?" Warden fires a mortar, fatally wounding Nicholson. Dazed, Nicholson stumbles towards the detonator and falls on the plunger, blowing up the bridge; the train tumbles into the river. Witnessing the carnage, Clipton exclaims, "Madness! ... Madness!"

Cast

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Chandran Rutnam and William Holden while shooting The Bridge on the River Kwai.

Production

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Screenplay

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The screenwriters, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson, were on the Hollywood blacklist and, even though living in exile in England, could only work on the film in secret. The two did not collaborate on the script; Wilson took over after Lean was dissatisfied with Foreman's work. The official credit was given to Pierre Boulle (who did not speak English), and the resulting Oscar for Best Screenplay (Adaptation) was awarded to him. Only in 1984 did the Academy rectify the situation by retroactively awarding the Oscar to Foreman and Wilson, posthumously in both cases. Subsequent releases of the film finally gave them proper screen credit. David Lean himself also claimed that producer Sam Spiegel cheated him out of his rightful part in the credits since he had had a major hand in the script.[9]

The film was relatively faithful to the novel, with two major exceptions. Shears, who is a British commando officer like Warden in the novel, becomes an American sailor who escapes from the POW camp. Also, in the novel, the bridge is not destroyed: the train plummets into the river from a secondary charge placed by Warden, but Nicholson (never realising "what have I done?") does not fall onto the plunger, and the bridge suffers only minor damage. Boulle nonetheless enjoyed the film version though he disagreed with its climax.[10]

Casting

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Although Lean later denied it, Charles Laughton was his first choice for the role of Nicholson. Laughton was in his habitually overweight state, and was either denied insurance coverage, or was simply not keen on filming in a tropical location.[11] Guinness admitted that Lean "didn't particularly want me" for the role, and thought about immediately returning to England when he arrived in Ceylon and Lean reminded him that he wasn't the first choice.[12]

William Holden's deal was considered one of the best ever for an actor at the time, with him receiving $300,000 plus 10% of the film's gross receipts.[13]

Filming

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The bridge at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka, before the explosion seen in the film.
 
A photo of Kitulgala, Sri Lanka in 2004, where the bridge was made for the film.

Many directors were considered for the project, among them John Ford, William Wyler, Howard Hawks, Fred Zinnemann, and Orson Welles (who was also offered a starring role).[14][15]

The film was an international co-production between companies in Britain and the United States.[16]

Director David Lean clashed repeatedly with his cast members, particularly Guinness and James Donald, who thought the novel was anti-British. Lean had a lengthy row with Guinness over how to play the role of Nicholson; the actor wanted to play the part with a sense of humour and sympathy, while Lean thought Nicholson should be "a bore." On another occasion, they argued over the scene where Nicholson reflects on his career in the army. Lean filmed the scene from behind Guinness and angrily exploded when Guinness asked him why he was doing this. After Guinness was done with the scene, Lean said, "Now you can all fuck off and go home, you English actors. Thank God that I'm starting work tomorrow with an American actor (William Holden)."[17]

The film was made in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).[18] The bridge in the film was near Kitulgala. The Mount Lavinia Hotel was used as a location for the hospital.[19]

Guinness later said that he subconsciously based his walk while emerging from "the Oven" on that of his eleven-year-old son Matthew,[20] who was recovering from polio at the time, a disease that left him temporarily paralyzed from the waist down.[21] Guinness later reflected on the scene, calling it the "finest piece of work" he had ever done.[22]

Lean nearly drowned when he was swept away by the river current during a break from filming.[23]

In a 1988 interview with Barry Norman, Lean confirmed that Columbia almost stopped filming after three weeks because there was no white woman in the film, forcing him to add what he called "a very terrible scene" between Holden and a nurse on the beach.

The filming of the bridge explosion was to be done on 10 March 1957, in the presence of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, then Prime Minister of Ceylon, and a team of government dignitaries. However, cameraman Freddy Ford was unable to get out of the way of the explosion in time, and Lean had to stop filming. The train crashed into a generator on the other side of the bridge and was wrecked. It was repaired in time to be blown up the next morning, with Bandaranaike and his entourage present.[23]

Music and soundtrack

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The Bridge on the River Kwai (Original Soundtrack Recording)
Soundtrack album by
Various
Released1957
Recorded21 October 1957
GenreSoundtrack
Length44:49
LabelColumbia Records
ProducerVarious
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic     [24]
Discogs     [25]

British composer Malcolm Arnold recalled that he had "ten days to write around forty-five minutes worth of music"—much less time than he was used to. He described the music for The Bridge on the River Kwai as the "worst job I ever had in my life" from the point of view of time. Despite this, he won an Oscar and a Grammy. [26] The film's soundtrack was released on LP soon after the film (Columbia CL 1100). In 1990, Christopher Palmer arranged a concert suite for large orchestra for Arnold's 70th birthday.

A memorable feature of the film is the tune that is whistled by the POWs—the first strain of the "Colonel Bogey March"—when they enter the camp.[27] Gavin Young[28] recounts meeting Donald Wise, a former prisoner of the Japanese who had worked on the Burma Railway. Young: "Donald, did anyone whistle Colonel Bogey ... as they did in the film?" Wise: "I never heard it in Thailand. We hadn't much breath left for whistling. But in Bangkok I was told that David Lean, the film's director, became mad at the extras who played the prisoners—us—because they couldn't march in time. Lean shouted at them, 'For God's sake, whistle a march to keep time to.' And a bloke called George Siegatz[29] ... —an expert whistler—began to whistle Colonel Bogey, and a hit was born."

The march was written in 1914 by Kenneth J. Alford, a pseudonym of British Bandmaster Frederick J. Ricketts. For the film, Arnold wrote an accompanying counter-melody to the Colonel Bogey strain using the same chord progressions, then continued with his own "The River Kwai March," played by the off-screen orchestra taking over from the whistlers, though Arnold's march was not heard in completion on the soundtrack (apparently for copyright reasons[30]). Mitch Miller had a hit with a recording of both marches.

In many tense, dramatic scenes, only the sounds of nature are used. An example of this is when commandos Warden and Joyce hunt a fleeing Japanese soldier through the jungle, desperate to prevent him from alerting other troops.

Historical accuracy

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The River Kwai railroad bridge in 2017. The arched sections are original (constructed by Japan during World War II); the two sections with trapezoidal trusses were built by Japan after the war as war reparations, replacing sections destroyed by Allied aircraft.

The plot and characters of Boulle's novel and the screenplay were almost entirely fictional.[3] Since it was not a documentary, there are many historical inaccuracies in the film, as noted by eyewitnesses to the building of the real Burma Railway by historians.[31][32][33][34]

The conditions to which POW and civilian labourers were subjected were far worse than the film depicted.[35] According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission:

The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project, chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, or conscripted in Siam (Thailand) and Burma. Two labour forces, one based in Siam and the other in Burma, worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre.[36]

Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey of the British Army was the real senior Allied officer at the bridge in question. Toosey was very different from Nicholson and was certainly not a collaborator who felt obliged to work with the Japanese. In fact Toosey strove to delay construction. While Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress, Toosey encouraged this: termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures, and the concrete was badly mixed.[32][33] Some consider the film to be an insulting parody of Toosey.[32]

On a BBC Timewatch programme, a former prisoner at the camp states that it is unlikely that a man like the fictional Nicholson could have risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and, if he had, due to his collaboration he would have been "quietly eliminated" by the other prisoners.[citation needed]

Julie Summers, in her book The Colonel of Tamarkan, writes that Boulle, who had been a prisoner of war in Thailand, created the fictional Nicholson character as an amalgam of his memories of collaborating French officers.[32] He strongly denied the claim that the book was anti-British, although many involved in the film itself (including Alec Guinness) felt otherwise.[37]

Ernest Gordon, a survivor of the railway construction and POW camps described in the novel/film, stated in his 1962 book, Through the Valley of the Kwai:

In Pierre Boulle's book The Bridge over the River Kwai and the film which was based on it, the impression was given that British officers not only took part in building the bridge willingly, but finished in record time to demonstrate to the enemy their superior efficiency. This was an entertaining story. But I am writing a factual account, and in justice to these men—living and dead—who worked on that bridge, I must make it clear that we never did so willingly. We worked at bayonet point and under bamboo lash, taking any risk to sabotage the operation whenever the opportunity arose.[31]

A 1969 BBC television documentary, Return to the River Kwai, made by former POW John Coast,[34] sought to highlight the real history behind the film (partly through getting ex-POWs to question its factual basis, for example Dr Hugh de Wardener and Lt-Col Alfred Knights), which angered many former POWs. The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 (The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974) as "Following the movie, this is a rerun of the antidote."[38]

Some of the characters in the film use the names of real people who were involved in the Burma Railway. Their roles and characters, however, are fictionalised. For example, a Sergeant-Major Risaburo Saito was in real life second in command at the camp. In the film, a Colonel Saito is camp commandant. In reality, Risaburo Saito was respected by his prisoners for being comparatively merciful and fair towards them. Toosey later defended him in his war crimes trial after the war, and the two became friends.

Some Japanese viewers resented the movie's depiction of their engineers' capabilities as inferior and less advanced than they were in reality. Japanese engineers had been surveying and planning the route of the railway since 1937, and they had demonstrated considerable skill during their construction efforts across South-East Asia.[39] Some Japanese viewers also disliked the film for portraying the Allied prisoners of war as more capable of constructing the bridge than the Japanese engineers themselves were,[40][41] accusing the filmmakers of being unfairly biased and unfamiliar with the realities of the bridge construction, a sentiment echoed by surviving prisoners of war who saw the film in cinemas.[42]

The major railway bridge described in the novel and film did not actually cross the river known at the time as the Kwai. However, in 1943 a railway bridge was built by Allied POWs over the Mae Klong river—renamed Khwae Yai in the 1960s as a result of the film—at Tha Ma Kham, five kilometres from Kanchanaburi, Thailand.[43] Boulle had never been to the bridge. He knew that the railway ran parallel to the Kwae for many miles, and he therefore assumed that it was the Kwae which it crossed just north of Kanchanaburi. This was an incorrect assumption. The destruction of the bridge as depicted in the film is also entirely fictional. In fact, two bridges were built: a temporary wooden bridge and a permanent steel/concrete bridge a few months later. Both bridges were used for two years, until they were destroyed by Allied bombing. The steel bridge was repaired and is still in use today.[43]

Reception

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Box office

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American theatrical release poster, "Style B", featuring Holden.

The Bridge on the River Kwai was a massive commercial success. It was the highest-grossing film of 1957 in the United States and Canada and was also the most popular film at the British box office that year.[44] According to Variety, the film earned estimated domestic box office revenues of $18,000,000[45] although this was revised downwards the following year to $15,000,000, which was still the biggest for 1958 and Columbia's highest-grossing film at the time.[46] By October 1960, the film had earned worldwide box office revenues of $30 million.[47]

The film was re-released in 1964 and earned a further estimated $2.6 million at the box office in the United States and Canada[48] but the following year its revised total US and Canadian revenues were reported by Variety as $17,195,000.[49]

Critical response

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On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 96% based on 105 reviews, with an average rating of 9.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This complex war epic asks hard questions, resists easy answers, and boasts career-defining work from star Alec Guinness and director David Lean."[50] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[51]

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film as "a towering entertainment of rich variety and revelation of the ways of men".[52] Mike Kaplan, reviewing for Variety, described it as "a gripping drama, expertly put together and handled with skill in all departments."[53] Kaplan further praised the actors, especially Alec Guinness, later writing "the film is unquestionably" his.[53] William Holden was also credited for his acting for giving a solid characterization that was "easy, credible and always likeable in a role that is the pivot point of the story".[53] Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times claimed the film's strongest points were for being "excellently produced in virtually all respects and that it also offers an especially outstanding and different performance by Alec Guinness. Highly competent work is also done by William Holden, Jack Hawkins and Sessue Hayakawa".[54] Time magazine praised Lean's directing, noting he demonstrates "a dazzlingly musical sense and control of the many and involving rhythms of a vast composition. He shows a rare sense of humor and a feeling for the poetry of situation; and he shows the even rarer ability to express these things, not in lines but in lives."[55] Harrison's Reports described the film as an "excellent World War II adventure melodrama" in which the "production values are first-rate and so is the photography."[56]

Among retrospective reviews, Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, noting that it is one of the few war movies that "focuses not on larger rights and wrongs but on individuals", but commented that the viewer is not certain what is intended by the final dialogue due to the film's shifting points of view.[57] Slant magazine gave the film four out of five stars.[58] Slant stated that "the 1957 epic subtly develops its themes about the irrationality of honor and the hypocrisy of Britain's class system without ever compromising its thrilling war narrative", and in comparing to other films of the time said that Bridge on the River Kwai "carefully builds its psychological tension until it erupts in a blinding flash of sulfur and flame."[58]

Balu Mahendra, the Tamil film director, observed the shooting of this film at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka during his school trip and was inspired to become a film director.[59] Warren Buffett said it was his favorite movie. In an interview, he said that "[t]here were a lot of lessons in that... The ending of that was sort of the story of life. He created the railroad. Did he really want the enemy to come in across it?"[60]

Accolades

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Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards Best Picture Sam Spiegel Won
Best Director David Lean Won
Best Actor Alec Guinness Won
Best Supporting Actor Sessue Hayakawa Nominated
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Michael Wilson, Carl Foreman, and Pierre Boulle Won
Best Cinematography Jack Hildyard Won
Best Film Editing Peter Taylor Won
Best Original Score Malcolm Arnold Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Won
Best British Film Won
Best British Actor Alec Guinness Won
Best British Screenplay Pierre Boulle Won
British Society of Cinematographers Awards Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film Jack Hildyard Won
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Production Sam Spiegel Won
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures David Lean Won
DVD Exclusive Awards Best DVD Menu Design Nominated
Best DVD Original Retrospective Documentary/Featurette Laurent Bouzereau Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Alec Guinness Won
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Sessue Hayakawa Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture David Lean Won
Golden Screen Awards Golden Screen Won
Golden Screen with 1 Star Won
Grammy Awards Best Sound Track Album, Dramatic Picture Score or Original Cast Malcolm Arnold Nominated
Laurel Awards Top Drama Nominated
Top Male Dramatic Performance Alec Guinness Nominated
National Board of Review Awards Best Film Won
Top Ten Films Won
Best Director David Lean Won
Best Actor Alec Guinness Won
Best Supporting Actor Sessue Hayakawa Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Won
Best Director David Lean Won
Best Actor Alec Guinness Won
Online Film & Television Association Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Honored
Sant Jordi Awards Best Foreign Actor Alec Guinness Won

American Film Institute lists:

The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

The British Film Institute placed The Bridge on the River Kwai as the 11th greatest British film.

First TV broadcast

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ABC, sponsored by Ford, paid a record $1.8 million for the television rights for two screenings in the United States.[61] The 167-minute film was first telecast, uncut, in colour, on the evening of 25 September 1966, as a three hours-plus ABC Movie Special. The telecast of the film lasted more than three hours because of the commercial breaks. It was still highly unusual at that time for a television network to show such a long film in one evening; most films of that length were still generally split into two parts and shown over two evenings. But the unusual move paid off for ABC—the telecast drew huge ratings with a record audience of 72 million[61] and a Nielsen rating of 38.3 and an audience share of 61%.[62][63][64]

Restorations and home video releases

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In 1972, the movie was among the first selection of films released on the early Cartrivision video format, alongside classics such as The Jazz Singer and Sands of Iwo Jima.[65]

The film was restored in 1985 by Columbia Pictures. The separate dialogue, music and effects were located and remixed with newly recorded "atmospheric" sound effects.[66] The image was restored by OCS, Freeze Frame, and Pixel Magic with George Hively editing.[67]

On 2 November 2010 Columbia Pictures released a newly restored The Bridge on the River Kwai for the first time on Blu-ray. According to Columbia Pictures, they followed an all-new 4K digital restoration from the original negative with newly restored 5.1 audio.[68] The original negative for the feature was scanned at 4K (four times the resolution in High Definition), and the colour correction and digital restoration were also completed at 4K. The negative itself manifested many of the kinds of issues one would expect from a film of this vintage: torn frames, embedded emulsion dirt, scratches through every reel, colour fading. Unique to this film, in some ways, were other issues related to poorly made optical dissolves, the original camera lens and a malfunctioning camera. These problems resulted in a number of anomalies that were very difficult to correct, like a ghosting effect in many scenes that resembles colour mis-registration, and a tick-like effect with the image jumping or jerking side-to-side. These issues, running throughout the film, were addressed to a lesser extent on various previous DVD releases of the film and might not have been so obvious in standard definition.[69]

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  • In 1962, Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers, with Peter Cook and Jonathan Miller, released the LP record Bridge on the River Wye (Parlophone LP PMC 1190, PCS 3036 (November 1962)). This spoof of the film was based on the script for the 1957 Goon Show episode "An African Incident". Shortly before its release, for legal reasons, producer George Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word 'Kwai' was spoken.[70]
  • The comedy team of Wayne and Shuster performed a sketch titled "Kwai Me a River" on their 27 March 1967 TV show,[citation needed] in which an officer in the British Dental Corps (Wayne) is captured by the Japanese and, despite being comically unintimidated by any abuse the commander of the POW camp (Shuster) inflicts on him, is forced to build a (dental) "bridge on the river Kwai" for the commander and plans to include an explosive in the appliance to detonate in his mouth. The commander survives the explosion, attributed to a toothpaste commercial punchline in 1960s commercials.[71]
  • In season 1, episode 1 of The Wire, Detective Jimmy McNulty laments, "I feel like that motherfucker at the end of Bridge over the River Kwai, like what the fuck did I do?" [72][73]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b Hall, Sheldon (2010). Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History. Wayne State University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0814330081.
  3. ^ a b "Remembering the railway: The Bridge on the River Kwai Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  4. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (16 March 1985). "Oscars Go to Writers of 'Kwai'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  6. ^ "New to the National Film Registry (December 1997) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  7. ^ On the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies lists, in 1998 (#13) and 2007 (#36)
  8. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Great Movies: The First 100". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  9. ^ The Guardian, 17 April 1991
  10. ^ Joyaux, Georges. The Bridge over the River Kwai: From the Novel to the Movie, Literature/Film Quarterly, published in the Spring of 1974. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  11. ^ {SBIFF} {Lanchester, Elsa Charles Laughton and I}
  12. ^ {Guinness, Alec Blessings in Disguise}
  13. ^ "Columbia Earns as It Holds Coin Due Bill Holden on 10% of 'Kwai'". Variety. 21 May 1958. p. 2. Retrieved 23 January 2021 – via Archive.org.
  14. ^ Baer, William. "Film: The Bridge on the River Kwai" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Crisis Magazine, published 09-01-2007. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  15. ^ "Flashback: A look back at this day in film history (The Bridge on the River Kwai released)" Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, www.focusfeatures.com, published 09-23-2015. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  16. ^ Monaco, Paul (2010). A History of American Movies: A Film-by-film Look at the Art, Craft, and Business of Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 349. ISBN 9780810874336.
  17. ^ (Piers Paul Read, Alec Guinness, 293)
  18. ^ "Sri Lanka to rebuild bridge from River Kwai movie". BBC News. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Film locations for David Lean's The Bridge On The River Kwai (1957), in Sri Lanka". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  20. ^ Jason, Gary. "Classic Problem, Classic Films" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.libertyunbound.com, published 09-19-2011. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  21. ^ Reichardt, Rita. "How Father Brown Led Sir Alec Guinness to the Church" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.catholicculture.org, published May/June, 2005. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  22. ^ Tollestrup, Jon. "The Bridge on the River Kwai - 1957" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.oscarwinningfilms.blogspot.co.uk, published 12-08-2013. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  23. ^ a b "The Bridge on the River Kwai(disasters on the film set)" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Purbeck Film Festival, published 08-24-2014. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  24. ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack rating" Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  25. ^ "Malcolm Arnold's The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack" Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, www.discogs.com. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
  26. ^ Schafer, Murray (December 1963). "XIII Malcolm Arnold". British Composers in Interview. Faber and Faber, London. p. 150. ISBN 978-0571054428.
  27. ^ The Colonel Bogey March MIDI file
  28. ^ In his 1981 book Slow Boats to China, chapter 39, ISBN 978-0571251032
  29. ^ "sic - correct spelling is Siegertsz. This story is retold in: Anecdotal Tit Bits: Making "The Bridge on the River Kwai"". Thuppahi's Blog. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  30. ^ Edward Greenfield, "Arnold Film Music" [cd review], Gramophone
  31. ^ a b Gordon, Ernest (1962). Through the Valley of the Kwai. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN 978-1579100360.
  32. ^ a b c d Summer, Julie (2005). The Colonel of Tamarkan. Simon & Schuster Ltd. ISBN 0-7432-6350-2.
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  34. ^ a b A transcript of the interview and the documentary as a whole can be found in the new edition of John Coast's book Railroad of Death.Coast, John (2014). Railroad of Death. Myrmidon. ISBN 978-1-905802-93-7.
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