Coast Guard (Russia)

After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Marine Units of the Border Troops (MChPV) carried out the protection of the Soviet Union's maritime borders until its collapse. In different periods of 1945–1957's border troops, along with their member MChPV, included in the structure of the various law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union: the NKVD, MGB, MVD USSR. In 1957, the Marine units of the border troops, along with the rest of the border units, became part of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which in 1978 was transformed into an independent state committee – USSR State Security Committee (KGB of the USSR).

On October 22, 1991, the KGB of the USSR was abolished, on the basis of its former structures, 3 separate departments were created: the Inter-Republican Security Service, the Central Intelligence Service and the Committee for the Protection of the State Border of the USSR. The latter is responsible for the transfer of powers for the protection of the state border, in connection with which the Border Troops (and, accordingly, the Marine units that are part of them) are transferred to his subordination.

On October 28, 1992, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation^[3] No. 1309 Committee for the Protection of the State Border of the USSR was abolished, in accordance with which the Border Troops, together with their Naval Units, were transferred to the subordination of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (MBRF) formed on January 24, 1992.

On June 12, 1992, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation^[4] formed as part of the MBRF on the basis of the former Committee for the Protection of the State Border and the troops subordinate to it, while the Maritime Units of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation (MChPV of Russia) are one of their components.

On December 21, 1993, the MBRF was abolished, on its basis the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation was created, while on December 30, 1993, on the basis of the Border Troops and their control bodies, an independent federal executive body was created: the Federal Border Service – Main Command of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation (FPS – Glavkomat).

In 1994, as part of the FPS – Glavkomat, the MChPV of Russia was reorganized into the Naval Forces of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation. The command of the naval forces of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation was created – instead of the post of the Deputy Commander of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation for the naval unit, the post of Commander of the naval forces of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation was approved.^[5]

December 30, 1994, the FPS – Glavkomat changes its name and is transformed into the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation (FPS of Russia)^[6]

August 29, 1997, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 950 "On measures to ensure the protection of marine biological resources and state control in this area", on the basis of the Maritime Forces of the Border Troops, as well as the staff and material and technical means of the central office and regional fisheries protection bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia), the Marine Guard of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation (MOKhR FPS of Russia) is formed as part of the FPS of Russia.^[7]

Since this period, the MOKhR FPS of Russia, in addition to the defense of the water boundaries of the State Border of the Russian Federation, has been assigned the task of protecting aquatic biological resources in internal sea waters, as well as in the Caspian and Azov Seas.^[8] As part of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia, a management body of the Maritime Guard is formed – the Department of Maritime Guard^[9] Admiral I. I. Naletov is appointed Deputy Director – Head of the Department of Maritime Security of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia, since 1999 – Vice Admiral V. K. Logvinenko.

On July 1, 2003, the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation is abolished, and its functions are transferred to the jurisdiction of the Border Service created by the same Decree as part of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of Russia). To organize the activities of the newly created structure, the Organizational Department of the FSB Border Service of Russia is formed, within which, on the basis of the former Maritime Department, the Maritime Directorate of the FSB of Russia is organized – the control body of the Maritime Guard of the FSB Border Service of Russia (MOKhR of the FSB of Russia).^[10]

On July 20, 2004, on the basis of the Maritime Guard of the FSB of Russia, the Coast Guard of the FSB Border Service of Russia (BOKhR of the FSB of Russia) was formed. In the Organizational Department of the FSB of Russia, the former Maritime Administration is reorganized into the Coast Guard Administration of the FSB Border Service of Russia.^[10][11]

In 2005, the Russian Federation abolished such a type of power structures as border troops – since that time, all military formations, government agencies, inspection bodies and their management bodies of the FSB Border Service of Russia (including the Coast Guard) are called border agencies.^[12]

At the same time, in 2005, the FSB Border Service of Russia begins to transfer the system of manning the personnel of military units (ships) of the border agencies completely to a contract basis, with a gradual reduction in the number of servicemen doing military service by conscription. The process of transition to a contractual basis, which equally affected the bodies of the security guard of the FSB of Russia, was completed by the beginning of 2009.^[13][14]

On August 20, 2007, the Coast Guard Directorate was reorganized into the Coast Guard Department of the FSB Border Service of Russia.^[11] At present, the main personnel of the Coast Guard, as well as all border agencies of the FSB of Russia, are military personnel doing military service under contract, with the exception of the OMBIR bodies, staffed by federal government officials and civilian personnel.

The FSB Coast Guard Institute (Russian: Институт береговой охраны ФСБ России), located in Anapa, was established in 2007. Cadets study for 4 years.

The Russian Coast Guard has various missions, such as the protection of Russia's maritime borders, ensuring safe navigation in territorial waters, assisting vessels and aircraft, weather reconnaissance, fisheries protection, and fighting against smuggling and piracy. To perform these missions the Russian Coast Guard uses a variety of vessels and aircraft.^[15]

The Russian Coast Guard is equipped with a variety of vessels, aircraft, and small arms/mounted weapons.

Vessels of the Russian Coast Guard are:

• Frigates (FFG): 2 – Krivak III class (both Pacific – Dzerzhinskiy and Oryol)^[16]
• Corvettes: 1 – Pauk class (Pacific – Sokol)^[16]
• Offshore patrol vessels: up to 25 various types: 14 – Rubin class (7 Black Sea; 3 Pacific; 2 Northern; 1 in Baltic and 1 in Caspian as of 2022),^[17][18][19] 3 – Okean class (2 Northern, 1 Pacific);^{[20][21][22][23][24]} 4 – Project 850285 (all Pacific)^[25]
• Patrol icebreakers: 4 – Ivan Susanin class (1 Northern, 3 Pacific as of 2020), 10 – Purga class (9 Pacific; 1 Northern);^[26][27][28] Future: Project 23550 – planned for service entry with the Russian Navy and Coast Guard toward the mid-2020s
• Patrol boats (PCF): over 140 patrol boats, 30 – Svetlyak class, 21 – Sobol class, 56 – Mangust class, 22 – Project 1496M/M1 patrol vessels (6 Pacific, 9 Black Sea, 3 Caspian, 1 Northern, 3 Baltic),^{[29][30][31][32][33]} 4 – Rondo class,^[34][35] 3 – Mirage class, 1 – Zhuk class, 2 – Sokzhoy class, 3 – Mustang 2 class
• River craft: 18 – Vosh class, 8 – Piyavka class, 4 – Ogonek class, 1 – Yaz class
• Coastal logistics ships: 7 – Neon Antonov class
• Armed seagoing tug: c. 14 – Sorum class (c. 4 Northern, 6 Pacific, 2 Black Sea, 1 Caspian, 1 Baltic)^[36][16]

The number of vessels listed above are based on a list of currently active Russian Coast Guard vessels.^{[citation needed]}

• Antonov An-26
• Antonov An-72
• Ilyushin Il-76
• Mil Mi-8
• Kamov Ka-27
• Ka-226T^[37]
• Schiebel Camcopter S-100^[38]

The Russian Coast Guard uses a variety of weapons, this includes but is not limited to the AK series of rifles, pistols, grenade based weapons such as the DP-64 hand anti-diver grenade launcher and the 30 mm AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher, and a variety of machine guns from 7.62 mm machine guns to 14.5 mm machine guns. Large weapons aboard vessels can be anything from naval guns, torpedoes, and missiles.^{[39][40][41][42]}

• Admiral Innokentiy Nalyotov (1996–1999)
• Vice-Admiral Valery Logvinenko (1999–2004)
• Vice-Admiral Vyacheslav Serzhanin (2004–2006)
• Colonel-General Viktor Trufanov (2006–2011)
• Vice-Admiral Yuri Alexeyev (2011–2017)
• Admiral Gennady Medvedev (2017–present)

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  Russian Coast Guard Krivak III-class frigate Vorovskiy in 2009
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• National Guard Naval Service Corps, the naval service, water police and coast guard branch of the National Guard Forces Command, National Guard of Russia.
• Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise ship case

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