This article possibly contains original research. (December 2014) |
Normal weight obesity (colloquially, being "skinny fat") is the condition of having normal body weight, but with a high body fat percentage, leading to some of the same health risks as obesity.
| Normal weight obesity | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Treatment | Diet, exercise |
Definition
editThe term "metabolically obese normal weight" (MONW) refers to people with normal weight and body mass index (BMI), who display some metabolic characteristics which increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the same way as obesity. People with MONW have excess visceral fat, and are predisposed to hyperinsulinemia, insulin-resistance and thus predisposition to type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and premature coronary heart disease or cardiovascular disease.[1] The BMI does not capture information about percentage body fat (PBF), which is a better predictor of risk due to obesity.[2][3][4][5] Some studies have suggested that the main factor which explains the metabolic abnormalities in MONW individuals is fat distribution. On the basis of these studies, a scoring method has been proposed to identify MONW individuals, based on the presence of associated diseases or biochemical abnormalities related to insulin resistance.[6]
Prevalence
editIn 2008, the first prevalence of US adults above 20 years was published, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999 to 2004, finding that 24% of normal-weight adults were metabolically abnormal; on the other hand 49% of overweight adults and 68% of obese adults were metabolically abnormal.[7][clarification needed] An analysis from an earlier NHANES from 1988 to 1994 found people with NWO had a four-fold higher frequency of metabolic syndrome compared with the low body fat group.[8] In 2015 the overall presence in the general worldwide population was suggested to be about 20%, with European populations having the highest rate of MONW. Patterns were subject to and also influenced by gender, age, smoking, alcohol use, and region.[9]
Treatment
editAs of 2018, optimal treatment is unknown.[10] A 1998 study suggested that energy restriction and weight loss, for example a 4- to 12-week period of diet and exercise was beneficial.[1] A small study of 11 Asians with MONW published June 2018 found that moderate weight loss through dieting reduced their cardiometabolic risk per improved body composition, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity.[10]
Magnesium supplementation orally has been shown to improve blood pressure and metabolic profile for those listed as MONW.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Ruderman, N; Chisholm, D; Pi-Sunyer, X; Schneider, S (May 1998). "The metabolically obese, normal-weight individual revisited". Diabetes. 47 (5): 699–713. doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.5.699. PMID 9588440.
- ^ Gómez-Ambrosi, J; Silva, C; Galofré, JC; Escalada, J; et al. (2012). "Body mass index classification misses subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity". Int J Obes (Lond). 36 (2): 286–94. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.100. PMID 21587201.
- ^ Flegal, KM (2010). "Commentary: the quest for weight standards". Int J Epidemiol. 39 (4): 963–7. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq124. PMID 20660171.
- ^ Sun, Q; van Dam, RM; Spiegelman, D; et al. (2010). "Comparison of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometric and Anthropometric Measures of Adiposity in Relation to Adiposity-Related Biologic Factors". Am J Epidemiol. 172 (12): 1442–54. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq306. PMC 2998203. PMID 20952596.
- ^ World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995; 854: 1–452. Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Obes 2010 34(5): 791–9
- ^ Karelis, AD; St-Pierre, DH; Conus, F; Rabasa-Lhoret, R; Poehlman, ET (2004). "Metabolic and body composition factors in subgroups of obesity:what do we know?". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89 (6): 2569–2575. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0165. PMID 15181025.
- ^ Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, et al. The Obese Without Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering and the Normal Weight With Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering. Prevalence and Correlates of 2 Phenotypes Among the US Population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1617–1624. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.15.1617
- ^ Romero-Corral, Abel; Somers, Virend K.; Sierra-Johnson, Justo; Korenfeld, Yoel; Boarin, Simona; Korinek, Josef; Jensen, Michael D.; Parati, Gianfranco; Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco (2010). "Normal weight obesity: A risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular mortality". European Heart Journal. 31 (6): 737–746. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp487. PMID 19933515.
- ^ Wang, B.; Zhuang, R.; Luo, X.; Yin, L.; Pang, C.; Feng, T.; You, H.; Zhai, Y.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, L.; Li, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, D. (2015-09-04). "Prevalence of Metabolically Healthy Obese and Metabolically Obese but Normal Weight in Adults Worldwide: A Meta-Analysis". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 47 (11). Georg Thieme Verlag KG: 839–845. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1559767. ISSN 0018-5043. PMID 26340705.
- ^ a b Rubin R. What's the Best Way to Treat Normal-Weight People With Metabolic Abnormalities? JAMA. 2018;320(3):223–225. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.8188
- ^ Găman, Mihnea-Alexandru; Dobrică, Elena-Codruța; Cozma, Matei-Alexandru; Antonie, Ninel-Iacobus; Stănescu, Ana Maria Alexandra; Găman, Amelia Maria; Diaconu, Camelia Cristina (2021-04-22). "Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review". Nutrients. 13 (5). MDPI AG: 1411. doi:10.3390/nu13051411. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8146023. PMID 33922341.