Wikipedia

NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, often abbreviated to AIDS Memorial Quilt or AIDS Quilt, is a memorial to celebrate the lives of people who have died of AIDS-related causes. Weighing an estimated 54 tons,[1] it is the largest piece of community folk art in the world, as of 2020.[2] It was conceived in 1985, during the early years of the AIDS pandemic, when social stigma prevented many AIDS victims from receiving funerals. It has been displayed on the Mall in Washington, D.C., several times. In 2020, it returned to San Francisco, where it is cared for by the National AIDS Memorial. It can be seen virtually.[3]

NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt
AIDS Memorial Quilt
AIDS Memorial Quilt on display at the
National Mall in Washington, D.C.
LocationVarious locations during exhibitions;
San Francisco (when not displayed).
DesignerCleve Jones
TypeCommunity memorial arts project.
MaterialFabric and various materials.
Length1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2)
Weight54 tonnes (54,000 kg)
Beginning dateNovember 27, 1985 (1985-11-27)
Inauguration dateOctober 11, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-10-11)
Dedicated tothe people who have lost their lives to AIDS.
Panel artistsFriends, family members, or loved ones.

History and structure

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The idea for the NAMES Project Memorial Quilt was conceived on November 27, 1985, by AIDS activist Cleve Jones during the annual candlelight march, in remembrance of the 1978 assassinations of San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone.[4] For the march, Jones had people write the names of loved ones that were lost to AIDS-related causes on signs, and then they taped the signs to the old San Francisco Federal Building.[5] All the signs taped to the building looked like an enormous patchwork quilt to Jones, and he was inspired.[6]

The NAMES Project officially started in 1987 in San Francisco by Jones, Mike Smith, and volunteers Joseph Durant, Jack Caster, Gert McMullin, Ron Cordova, Larkin Mayo, Steve Kirchner, and Gary Yuschalk.[4] At that time many people who died of AIDS-related causes did not receive funerals, due to both the social stigma of AIDS felt by surviving family members and the outright refusal by many funeral homes and cemeteries to handle the deceased's remains.[7] Lacking a memorial service or grave site, the Quilt was often the only opportunity survivors had to remember and celebrate their loved ones' lives. Volunteers created hundreds and later thousands of panels in a storefront on Market Street.[8]

The Quilt is a memorial to and celebration of the lives of people lost to the AIDS pandemic which marks it as a prominent forerunner of the twentieth century shift in memorial design that moved towards celebrating victims or survivors.[4] Each panel is 3 feet (0.91 m) by 6 feet (1.8 m), approximately the size of the average grave; this connects the ideas of AIDS and death more closely.[9]

 
Marvin Liebman reading names at the AIDS Quilt podium, prior to the 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation.
 
Fresno State University students making a quilt panel in 1994.
 
AIDS Quilt, Washington, D.C.
 
AIDS Memorial Quilt co-founders Cleve Jones and Mike Smith stand with John B. Cunningham, National AIDS Memorial Executive Director, on World AIDS Day 2019 in San Francisco.
 
Former NAMES Project Building at 2362 Market St in San Francisco.

Inaugural Quilt display

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The Quilt made its first public appearance on October 11, 1987, during the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights on the National Mall. Comprising 1,920 panels and covering an area larger than a football field, 48 volunteers ceremonially unfolded the Quilt at sunrise. Participants read aloud the names represented in the Quilt, establishing a tradition followed at subsequent displays. The event drew half a million visitors that weekend.[3][10][11]

Quilt tours and exhibits

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The inaugural national tour of The Quilt took place in spring and summer 1988, raising nearly half a million dollars. Assisted by over 9,000 volunteers, a seven-person crew traveled, displayed, and expanded The Quilt. Local panels added in each city tripled its size from 1,920 to over 6,000 panels by the tour's conclusion.[12]

The 1989 Quilt North America Tour visited 19 U.S. cities, including 7 in Canada, coinciding with local LGBT events in June and July, laying the groundwork for the Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt.[13][14] By October, the Quilt featured over 12,000 panels and was once again exhibited on The Ellipse in Washington, D.C.[3][15]

In October 1992, the entire Quilt, featuring panels from every state and 28 countries, was displayed on Washington's National Mall. The quilt, more than 10 times its original size, with over 21,000 handmade panels, stretched from the base of the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial in Presidents Park.[16]

During President Clinton's inaugural parade on January 20, 1993, the NAMES Project participated with over 200 volunteers marching down Pennsylvania Avenue, carrying 90 Quilt panels.[17]

Spanning the National Mall from the Washington Monument to the U.S. Capitol in Washington, The Quilt attracted nearly 1.2 million visitors in October 1996. Over the three-day event, more than 40,000 panels were displayed.[3] Notably, President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton attended, marking the last full exhibition of the Quilt on the Mall;[18][19] by this point in time, the HIV/AIDS epidemic was finally seeing a major decline.[20][21]

In June 2004, The Quilt featured over 8,000 new panels created since the 1996 exhibit. The display took place on The Ellipse in Washington, in observance of National HIV Testing Day.[22]

For the AIDS Memorial Quilt's 25th anniversary in July 2012, comprising over 48,000 panels honoring 94,000 lives lost to AIDS, it returned to the National Mall and 50 sites around D.C. during the XIX International AIDS Conference. Due to its size, organizers rotated 1,500 panels daily at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. This event marked the quilt's last full exhibition since 1996.[23][24][25]

As of 2020, the AIDS Memorial Quilt is available online, featuring 50,000 panels with nearly 110,000 names sewn into them. The collection is searchable by block number or name, allowing users to read the stories stitched into each panel. A guide is provided for navigating the collection if required.[26]

In June 2022, the National AIDS Memorial commemorated the 35th anniversary of the AIDS Memorial Quilt with a significant outdoor display in Golden Gate Park's Robin Williams Meadow. The exhibition showcased 3,000 panels, offering a poignant tribute to lives affected by AIDS.[27]

Relocation

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In 1997, the NAMES Project headquarters moved from San Francisco to Washington, D.C., and in 2001 the quilt panels were moved from San Francisco to Atlanta, Georgia.[28] The NAMES Project Foundation was headquartered in Atlanta.

In 2019, the organization announced that the Quilt would be relocating to San Francisco under the permanent care and stewardship of the National AIDS Memorial. In 2020, its archives were relocated to the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress. The AIDS Memorial Quilt is warehoused in San Francisco when not being displayed, and continues to grow, consisting of more than 50,000 individual memorial panels (to over 110,000 people) and weighing an estimated 54 tons as of 2022.[3]

Goal and achievement

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The goal of the Quilt is to bring awareness to how massive the AIDS pandemic really is, and to bring support and healing to those affected by it. Another goal is to raise funds for community-based AIDS service organizations, to increase their funding for AIDS prevention and education. As of 1996, more than $1.7 million had already been raised, and the effort continues to this day.[29]

Quilt construction and care

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3 by 6 feet (0.91 m × 1.83 m) panels made typically of fabric are created in recognition of a person who died from AIDS-related complications. The panels are made by individuals alone or in a workshop, such as Call My Name (which focuses on African American representation on the quilt) or in quilting bees, such as the one held during the 2012 Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall.[30] Construction choices are left to the quilter and techniques such as traditional fabric quilting, embroidery, applique, paint and stencil, beading, and iron-ons are common.[31]

Items and materials included in the panels:

Panels are submitted to the National AIDS Memorial, along with a panel-maker identification form and a documentation letter. Occasionally, other supplemental material is donated along with the panel such as photographs of the subject. The information about the panel is recorded in a database.[31]

Panels are backed in canvas and sewn together in blocks of eight. Grommets for hanging are attached and the blocks are numbered and photographed. The numbers help with identification and location in storage, on the quilt website, and when the quilt is displayed.[32]

Examples of panels

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Those who submit panels do not have to know the person, but they do have to feel some sort of connection with the individual that they want people to recognize. For example, to memorialize Queen lead-singer Freddie Mercury, there were many panels made, two of which were a solid white background with a blue and black guitar, and "Freddy Mercury" written down the sides in black, with the AIDS ribbon above his name,[33] and a purple silk with "Freddie Mercury", "Queen", and "1946–1991" in silver applique, along with two pictures of Mercury with Queen.[34]

Many panels were also made for the actor Rock Hudson, one of which consisted of a navy blue background with silver "Rock Hudson" and stars, above a rainbow with the word "Hollywood".[35]

Other panels are made by loved ones and then attached to make one large block. Some are flamboyant and loud, whereas some are more muted and simple.[36]

Recognition and influence

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Panels have been accessioned into the collection of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (accession number 1998.0254.01) and featured in the book The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects.[37][38]

Awards

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Documentaries

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  • The Quilt is the subject of the 1989 Peabody Award- and Academy Award-winning documentary film, Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt, produced by Rob Epstein[41] and Bill Couturié, and narrated by Dustin Hoffman.
  • Never to Be Forgotten is a Philo T. Farnsworth Award-winning 54-minute video created by Karen Peper which documents the Quilt's June 1988 visit to Detroit, Michigan.[42] This display was part of a 20-city tour initiated immediately after the 1987 Washington, DC inaugural showing. The video begins with footage of the opening ceremony from the Washington DC display and then moves to coverage of the Detroit event. Included are the opening and closing ceremonies at Cobo Hall along with a look at the set up and take down of the display. Volunteers share their feelings about participating in the event and the viewer is given a close-up look at the individual panels. Peper also shot extensive footage of the Quilt's visit to Columbus, OH; Chicago, IL; and the 1987, 1993, and 1996 Washington, D.C., showings. (All video footage is archived at ONE Archives at the USC Libraries in Los Angeles, CA.)

Music

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  • Songwriter Tom Brown wrote the song "Jonathan Wesley Oliver, Jr." about the Quilt in 1988.[43]
  • In 1990, John Corigliano's Symphony No. 1, inspired by The AIDS Memorial Quilt, premiered in New York.[44]
  • Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, a song cycle developed in the late 1980s with music by Janet Hood and lyrics and additional text by Bill Russell, features songs and monologues inspired by The Quilt.[45]
  • In 1992 The AIDS Quilt Songbook premiered, a collection of new musical works about the devastation of AIDS compiled by lyric baritone William Parker, who solicited them from composers with whom he had previously worked.[46]
  • Washington D.C.'s Different Drummers (DCDD) and the Lesbian and Gay Chorus of Washington (LGCW) commissioned Quilt Panels from composer Robert Maggio, and the piece premiered in 2003.[47]
  • The NAMES Project was the basis for the musical Quilt, A Musical Celebration.[48]

Television

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  • The Quilt was displayed on the ABC Soap Opera "One Life to Live" in 1992.[49]
  • The AIDS Memorial Quilt was mentioned and shown during the years that General Hospital held their Nurses Ball (1994–2001) and raised money for AIDS research. The show's fictional character, Michael "Stone" Cates, was celebrated with a quilt block in 1996.[50]
  • In A&E's Biography of the 100 Most Influential People of the Millennium, the 94th individual featured is "Patient Zero," recognized as the first AIDS victim. The AIDS Memorial Quilt is showcased at 9:17 within the program, which aired in 1999 and includes footage from the National Mall.[51][52]
  • The Quilt is displayed in the last scene of the Showtime miniseries Fellow Travelers in 2023.

Comics

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  • Cartoonist Gerard Donelan, specializing in single-panel comics depicting gay men and women in everyday life, contributed cartoons, pamphlets, and posters to the NAMES Project. These pieces were meant to spread awareness about safe-sex practices for gay people and to garner support for the NAMES Project.[53]

Projects inspired by NAMES

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The AIDS Memorial Quilt was the first of its kind as a continually growing monument created piecemeal by thousands of individuals, and as of 2007, it constituted the largest piece of community folk art in the world.[54] The Quilt was followed by, and inspired a number of memorials and awareness projects, both AIDS-related and otherwise. Examples of these include:

There are also quilts for sub-sects of the AIDS Pandemic, including Canada, 1989,[63] Children, 2010,[64] North Californians, 2008,[65] Australians, 2009,[66] and New Zealand, 1988.[67] The Irish Names Quilt was created in 1990.[68]

"Virtual" AIDS Memorial Quilts have also been created:

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a quilt volunteer, McMullin, made protective masks for community service organizations from quilting fabric.[74]

Display location

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In November 2019 the NAMES Project Foundation and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that the quilt would relocate to San Francisco under the permanent care and stewardship of the National AIDS Memorial starting in 2020.[75] The Project's archives were gifted to the joint care with the American Folklife Center at the U.S. Library of Congress, allowing for greater public access.[76][77] This action returns the quilt to San Francisco, where the project began.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Creativity and Crisis: Unfolding The AIDS Memorial Quilt". Smithsonian Center. June 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  2. ^ "About The Names Project". National AIDS Memorial. March 7, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e "The History of the Quilt". National AIDS Memorial. November 19, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Dupré, Judith (2007). Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory. New York: Random House. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4000-6582-0.
  5. ^ "AIDS Memorial Quilt". WTTW Chicago Public Media - Television and Interactive. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  6. ^ "History of the Quilt". The AIDS Memorial Quilt. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  7. ^ Laderman, Gary (2003). Rest in Peace: A Cultural History of Death and the Funeral Home in Twentieth Century America. Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0195183559.
  8. ^ Waters, Rob (Spring–Summer 2017). "He's Still Rising". San Francisco State Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  9. ^ "The AIDS Memorial Quilt". Public Broadcasting Atlanta. February 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009.
  10. ^ "AIDS Quilt displayed on the National Mall". Smithsonian Institution. (Refer to view original). 1987-10-11. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  11. ^ Hirshman, Linda (2012). "Chapter 7: ACT UP: Five Years That Shook the World". Victory: The Triumphant Gay Revolution. New York, New York: Harper. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-06-196550-0. As part of that project, in 1987, the NAMES Project took the quilt, then two thousand squares, to the National Mall in Washington, DC, and spread it out before the lawmakers they thought could make the United States government do something different.
  12. ^ "History of the Names Project Foundation". Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University. December 12, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  13. ^ "Names Project Quilt 1989 North America Tour". RFD Magazine Gay, Issue 57 Spring 1989, p. 7. March 21, 1989. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  14. ^ "The Quilt: Handicraft of the Heart". The Charlatan 19, No. 1, May 25, 1989, p 16. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  15. ^ "AIDS Memorial Quilt Returns to Washington". RFD Magazine Gay, Issue 58 Summer 1989, p. 5. June 21, 1989. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  16. ^ "A Stitch in Time : The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt returns to Washington". Los Angeles Times by Christopher Knight. October 4, 1992. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  17. ^ "Clinton Inaugural Parade". C-SPAN. January 20, 1993. Retrieved January 25, 2024. 200 volunteers march with Quilt panels at 2:35:15.
  18. ^ "Clintons visit AIDS quilt". UPI. 11 October 1996. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  19. ^ "AIDS quilt unfurled in Washington to commemorate victims". CNN. 1996-10-11. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  20. ^ "Update: Trends in AIDS Incidence -- United States, 1996". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  21. ^ Brown, David (October 7, 1998). "AIDS Death Rate In '97 Down 47%". Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  22. ^ Fernandez, Manny (June 26, 2004). "Unfurling Their Love and Loss;". The Washington Post. p. B01. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  23. ^ "Guide: Quilt In The Capital 2012". NAMES Project Foundation. June 15, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  24. ^ "The AIDS Memorial Quilt on the National Mall". Smithsonian Institution Archives. December 17, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  25. ^ "AIDS Memorial Quilt returning to D.C." Washington Blade. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  26. ^ "Search the AIDS Memorial Quilt". National AIDS Memorial. 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  27. ^ "Golden Gate Park". National AIDS Memorial. June 1, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  28. ^ "AIDS quilt moving to Atlanta from SF". Associated Press. 2001-02-07. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  29. ^ Ellis, Fay (April 7, 1996). "32,000 Panels in Aids Quilt, 32,000 Victims". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  30. ^ "2012 Smithsonian Folklife Festival". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  31. ^ a b "Step-by-step instructions". The AIDS Memorial Quit : The Names Project Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-12-06.
  32. ^ "Creativity in Crisis - Unfolding the AIDS Memorial Quilt - Displaying the Quilt - Quilt Vocabulary". Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Freddy Mercury AIDS quilt panel". Flickr. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  34. ^ "Freddie Mercury AIDS Quilt panel". Flickr. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  35. ^ "Rock Hudson AIDS Quilt panel". Flickr. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  36. ^ "AIDS Quilt panel". Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  37. ^ "AIDS Memorial Quilt Panel". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  38. ^ "Talk of the Nation: A Quarter-Century Of Memories Unfurl In AIDS Quilt". NPR. July 5, 2012.
  39. ^ Sheldon Woods, C. (2007). "AIDS Memorial Quilt". In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9781452265650.
  40. ^ "Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
  41. ^ Plant, Drew (2003-03-01). "Songbird with a Mission". A&U Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  42. ^ Francis, William (1988-12-15). "Two New AIDS Videos Out on the Market". Bay Area Reporter. Vol. 18, no. 50. p. 37. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  43. ^ Gieseke, Winston (2011-08-09). "Lee Lessack Sings Songs of Love". Advocate. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  44. ^ Rockwell, John (1990-03-18). "Review/Music; Contemporary Anguish In Corigliano Symphony". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  45. ^ Gioia, Michael (2014-01-23). "PLAYBILL VIP SPOTLIGHT: Bill Russell Shares Elegies of the AIDS Epidemic With College Students at Marymount Manhattan". Playbill. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  46. ^ Kozinn, Allan (1993-03-30). "William Parker, Baritone, Dies; Specialist in Art Songs Was 49". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  47. ^ "QUODLIBET: Music to Rejoice, Reflect, and Remember". The Esoterics. 2012. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  48. ^ Hetrick, Adam (2019-05-21). "Diana DeGarmo and Andrew Leeds Set for Quilt, A Musical Celebration Benefit Concert". Playbill. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  49. ^ Passalacqua, Connie (1992-08-28). "Strong Dose of Reality for ABC's 'One Life to Live' : Television: The soap shows eight sections of the Names Project AIDS Quilt to conclude a summer-long plot examining homophobia and a gay teen character". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  50. ^ Bidwell, Carol (1998-06-18). "'General Hospital' raises funds to fight pediatric AIDS". Deseret News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  51. ^ "Biography of the Millennium: 94 Patient Zero (1st AIDS victim)" (YouTube). A&E Networks. 1999. Event occurs at 8m18s (mention of AIDS Memorial Quilt at 9m17s). Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  52. ^ "A&E's Biography: 100 Most Influential People of the Millennium". Western Michigan University. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  53. ^ Clark, Emily. "Celebrating LGBT Pride Month with Plymouth gay artist Gerard Donelan". Wicked Local Wareham. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  54. ^ McKinley, Jesse (2007-01-31). "Fight Over Quilt Reflects Changing Times in Battle Against AIDS". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  55. ^ "KIA Memorial Quilt - Dedicated to US Military Personnel Killed in Iraq". Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  56. ^ "September 11 Quilts Home Page". September11quilts.org. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
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  61. ^ "Thechdquilt". Thechdquilt.homestead.com. 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  62. ^ "Breast Cancer Quilt". Prevention.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  63. ^ a b "The Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt". Canadian AIDS Society (CAS). June 1, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  64. ^ "Clinical Centers, Departments and Services | Boston Children's Hospital". Childrenshospital.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  65. ^ "AIDS Panels of Remembrance, Stonewall Chico". Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  66. ^ "Australian Aids Quilt". Archived from the original on 2009-10-30. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  67. ^ "The New Zealand AIDS Memorial Quilt". Aidsquilt.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  68. ^ "The Irish Names Quilt: Seeing an old exhibition in a new light". EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum in Dublin | Official Site. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  69. ^ "Project Stitch –". Interactionart.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  70. ^ Vollmer, Sabine (2010-12-03). "Visiting Second Life to see the 3D AIDS quilt « Science in the Triangle". Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  71. ^ "AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts: Virtual AIDS Quilt". Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  72. ^ "Southern AIDS Living Quilt — Women Joining Together Fighting HIV/AIDS in the South". Archived from the original on 2009-03-31. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  73. ^ "Memorial-Columbians Who Have Died From AIDS". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  74. ^ Sheeler, Jason (2020-04-09). "Leftover Fabric from the AIDS Memorial Quilt Is Now Being Used to Make Coronavirus Masks". People Magazine. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  75. ^ Johnson, Lauren M. (21 November 2019). "The AIDS Memorial Quilt will head home to San Francisco, 32 years later". CNN News. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  76. ^ Ruane, Michael E. "The Library of Congress will house the archives of the famous AIDS quilt". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  77. ^ "National AIDS Memorial Becomes Steward of AIDS Memorial Quilt". National AIDS Memorial. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.

Further reading

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