Lake Pinatubo

Lake Pinatubo
Lake Pinatubo
	The crater lake in 2018, formed after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
	Lake Pinatubo Location within the Philippines
Location	Mount Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Luzon
Coordinates	15°8′37″N 120°21′1″E / 15.14361°N 120.35028°E
Type	crater lake
Primary inflows	Precipitation only
Primary outflows	Bucao River; other smaller rivers and creeks
Catchment area	5 km2 (2 sq mi)
Basin countries	Philippines
Max. width	2.5 km (1.6 mi)
Surface area	1.83 km2 (0.71 sq mi) 183 ha (450 acres)
Max. depth	115–135 m (377–443 ft) in early July 2002,; 95–115 m (312–377 ft) in July 2002,; (dubious report of 600 m (2,000 ft) in 2005)
Surface elevation	900 m (3,000 ft)
Settlements	Botolan; San Marcelino;

Lake Pinatubo (Filipino: Lawa ng Pinatubo) is the summit crater lake of Mount Pinatubo formed after its climactic eruption on June 15, 1991. The lake is located in the Zambales Mountains, in Botolan, Zambales, near the boundaries of Pampanga and Tarlac provinces in the Philippines. It is about 90 km (56 mi) northwest of the capital city of Manila. While one paper by researchers from Japan suggested a depth of 600 m (2,000 ft),^[3] more detailed research suggests that 95–115 m (312–377 ft) is more accurate.^[2]

Geology

Mount Pinatubo's volcanic activity has followed a cycle: centuries of repose terminated by a caldera-forming eruption with large pyroclastic flows; a post-eruption aftermath of rain-triggered lahars in surrounding drainages and dome-building that fills the caldera; and then another long quiescent period. During and after the eruptions, lahars descending along volcano channels may block tributaries from watersheds beyond Pinatubo, creating natural lakes.^[4] Geophysical evidence shows that there were at least two ancient lakes in the Mapanuepe River valley in the southwestern part of the volcano.

Origin

Aerial view of the summit caldera on August 1, 1991, before the formation of Lake Pinatubo.

Aerial view of the lake and summit caldera on May 18, 1992, approximately 9 months later.

The climactic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed the volcano's original summit. In its place is a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) diameter caldera, the center of which is offset 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) northward from the pre-eruption summit. It was created from the collapse of the volcano's summit on June 15, during the period of abundant large earthquakes in response to withdrawal of a large volume of magma from the reservoir beneath the volcano.^[5] By early September 1991, a shallow lake formed. The high precipitation rate of the area led to a rapid transition from a small and hot acid lake to a large lake with near-ambient temperature and pH.^[1]^[6]

Legend

The mountain range wherein the volcano is located is inhabited by the indigenous Aetas. An old Aeta legend tells of a lake that once existed in the site, most probably the latter of the two ancient crater lakes, and of a great explosion that destroyed it.^{[citation needed]}

Lake drainage

Lahar canyons in the Pinatubo area, 2006

Risk of flash floods in the communities found in the vicinity of the recently dormant volcano is imminent because of a danger of the caldera collapsing due to water pressure and a long-term increase in the water level of ~1 m/month. Experts had feared the weight of the water could have breached the crater walls and flooded the homes of up to 40,000 people in and around the small coastal town of Botolan, located 25 miles from the volcano.^{[citation needed]}

In September 2001, residents of Botolan and nearby areas were sent to evacuation centers as a precaution from a possible deluge of mud and water. The Philippine government ordered a controlled draining of the lake and had authorities dig a 5m-wide channel from the edge of the volcano's crater, draining about a quarter of the lake's volume and diverting the excess lakewater into local rivers. Existing lahar canyons serve as water drainage paths to surrounding rivers and creeks, the largest of which is the Bucao River. In 2002, accumulated rainwater in the lake rose to dangerous levels during the rainy monsoon season, breached the artificial drainage canal, and triggered mild lahar flows in the area.^[7]

Tourism

Lake Pinatubo in 2012

The lake is described as "a wide jewel of blue and green"^[8] and is now a popular bush walking destination, mostly frequented by mountaineers and adventure-seekers. Until improvements were made, a trip to the summit involved either days of hiking or hours of 4-wheel vehicle travel followed by a 2-hour hard hike. Eventually, a trail called the Skyway was made that allows 4 wheel drive vehicles a shorter route to a drop off point to trek to the crater. The skyway shortened the route to a 1.4-hour ride and a 45-minute to an hour's trek.

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Evolution of a Small Caldera Lake at Mount Pinatubo". USGS.gov. Retrieved on November 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stimac et al. 2004, p. 152.
^ ^a ^b Yang et al. 2005.
^ Rodolfo, Kelvin S.; Umbal, Jesse V. (2008), "A prehistoric lahar-dammed lake and eruption of Mount Pinatubo described in a Philippine aborigine legend", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176 (3): 432–437, Bibcode:2008JVGR..176..432R, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.030
^ Wolfe (1992). "The 1991 Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Earthquakes and Volcanoes", v. 23, no. 1. (Retrieved: March 10, 2009)
^ Bulletin of Volcanology, ISSN 0258-8900 (print), ISSN 1432-0819 (online); Issue: Vol. 66, No.2 /February 2004, pp. 149–167 (retrieved: March 10, 2009)
^ "Asia Africa Intelligence Wire", August 6, 2002
^ C. Tejero, "Pinatubo 10 Years After : Beyond the valley of lahar", Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 29, 2001

Sources

Stimac, James A.; Goff, Fraser; Counce, Dale; Larocque, Adrienne C. L.; Hilton, David R.; Morgenstern, Uwe (2004). "The crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: evolution in the decade after eruption". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (2): 149–167. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..149S. doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0300-3. S2CID 128408824.
Yang, P.; Yokoyama, N.; Inoue, K.; Amina, K. (2005). "Preliminary investigation of the crater lake breach at Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines". Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology. 46 (5). Japan Society of Engineering Geology: 288. doi:10.5110/jjseg.46.287.

References

PHIVOLCS – Pinatubo Data Update (retrieved: March 5, 2009)
Mount Pinatubo Trek (retrieved: March 10, 2009)
BBC News Online (retrieved: March 26, 2009)
Newhall, C.G. and Punongbayan, R.S., Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City and University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1126 pages, 1996. (retrieved: March 10, 2009)
BBC NEWS World: Asia-Pacific, Friday, September 7, 2001, 12:52 GMT 13:52 UK (retrieved: March 10, 2009)
BBC NEWS World: Asia-Pacific, Friday, September 7, 2001, 21:25 GMT 22:25 UK (retrieved: March 12, 2009)

External links

Geographic data related to Lake Pinatubo at OpenStreetMap

[Campita-1] "Evolution of a Small Caldera Lake at Mount Pinatubo". USGS.gov. Retrieved on November 20, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEStimacGoffCounceLarocque2004152-2] Stimac et al. 2004, p. 152.

[FOOTNOTEYangYokoyamaInoueAmina2005-3] Yang et al. 2005.

[4] Rodolfo, Kelvin S.; Umbal, Jesse V. (2008), "A prehistoric lahar-dammed lake and eruption of Mount Pinatubo described in a Philippine aborigine legend", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176 (3): 432–437, Bibcode:2008JVGR..176..432R, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.030

[5] Wolfe (1992). "The 1991 Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Earthquakes and Volcanoes", v. 23, no. 1. (Retrieved: March 10, 2009)

[6] Bulletin of Volcanology, ISSN 0258-8900 (print), ISSN 1432-0819 (online); Issue: Vol. 66, No.2 /February 2004, pp. 149–167 (retrieved: March 10, 2009)

[7] "Asia Africa Intelligence Wire", August 6, 2002

[8] C. Tejero, "Pinatubo 10 Years After : Beyond the valley of lahar", Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 29, 2001

[3]