Jean Baptiste Brevelle (French: Jean Baptiste Brevel) was a Parisian-born trader, explorer, and one of the first soldiers garrisoned at Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches in present-day Natchitoches, Louisiana and Le Poste des Cadodaquious in Texas.[1]
Jean Baptiste Brevelle | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1698 |
| Died | 1754 |
| Other names | Jean Baptiste Brevel, Jean Baptiste Breville |
| Occupations | |
| Years active | 1718-1754 |
| Known for | Early settler and soldier of the first European settlements in Louisiana and NE Texas (Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches and Le Poste des Cadodaquious) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2: Jean Baptiste Brevelle II and Marie Louise Francoise Jean Brevelle |
Explorer of French Louisiana
editBrevelle arrived in French Louisiana during the construction of Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches in 1719. Commandant Claude Charles du Tisné had arrived to the outpost just a few years earlier to convert the 2 huts built in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis into a fortified post on Red River of the South to establish France's claims to the region and to prevent the Spanish forces in the province of Texas from advancing across the border.[2][3][4]
Brevelle's military and trade assignments took them to various Native American, Spanish and French settlements throughout present-day Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma including Le Poste des Cadodaquious (also known as Le Posts des Nassonites) in Bowie and Red River County, Texas. This post was founded by Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, and it is the first European settlement in northeast Texas. The post was garrisoned by a detachment from Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches. Brevelle traveled and mapped the areas along the Red, Sabine, and Trinity Rivers where he lived among and traded with the Natchitoches, Adai, Hasinai, Nasoni, Yatasi, Tawakoni and Kadohadacho Indians.[5][6]
Family Life
editBrevelle took a young Native American slave from the Village of the Adays near the El Camino Real (English: The King’s Highway).[7] She was given the Christian name of Marie Anne des Cadeaux, named for Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mother and grandmother of Jesus. Brevelle so loved Anne that he obtained permission from Fort Commandant Louis Juchereau de St. Denis to marry her and free her from slavery. After the publication of three banns, they were married in 1736 in the Catholic Church in Natchitoches.[8] Anne bore two children, who would become the first Creoles of Isle Brevelle.[9][10]
Legacy
editBrevelle died in 1754 on Isle Brevelle near Bayou Brevelle. Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches became the town of Natchitoches, the oldest permanent settlement in the Louisiana Purchase territory.[11]
Brevelle's son, Jean Baptiste Brevelle II, with his knowledge of various Caddo languages and customs, worked as the famed translator, arbitrator, explorer, and soldier for the French and Spanish crowns. For his service, he was issued a land grant of fertile farmland south of Natchitoches along the Cane River and Old River. The 30-mile long island is today known as Isle Brevelle. Dr. John Sibley, Indian Agent and council to Louisiana's first U.S. Governor, in 1804 reported to the U.S. Congress that the Isle Brevelle was named for its earliest settler, Jean Baptiste Brevelle II.
The former Brevelle Plantation (now Isle Brevelle) is home to the Cane River Creole National Historical Park and is the birthplace of Creole culture. In Louisiana, the term Creole is defined as native-born people of ethnic European background mixed with Native American and/or African.[12] Brevelle's story and that of both of his Creole children are documented in the records of the Catholic Church[13] and in interviews conducted by Indian Agent Dr. Sibley after the Louisiana Purchase which are on file in the American State Papers, Library of Congress, and the Annals of Congress.[14][15]
St. Augustine Parish (Isle Brevelle) Church, Bayou Brevelle, and Isle Brevelle in Natchitoches Parish and Brevelle Lake in Red River County are named for this pioneer family.[16][17]
"The Caddo left their names, art, and culture in Louisiana. Several colonial European families can claim Caddoan ancestors: Grappes, Brevelles, Balthazars, and others."[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Le Poste des Cadodaquious". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Fort St. Jean Baptiste State Historic Site" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Fort St. Jean Baptiste State Historic Site". Louisiana State Parks. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "Fort St. Jean Baptiste State Historic Site". Natchitoches Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Gilmore, Kathleen (1986). French-Indian interaction at an 18th-century frontier post: The Roseborough Lake Site, Bowie County, Texas. Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University. ASIN B00072C1PS.
- ^ Mills, Gary (1977). The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color. LSU Press. p. 51. ISBN 0807137138.
- ^ "History - Brevelle Conservation Trust". Brevelle Conservation Trust. 2020-04-13. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Church, Catholic (1734–1761). Archives Immaculate Conception Church at Natchitoches (French). Register No 1. 17334-1761. Archives Immaculate Conception Church. pp. 4–10.
- ^ Church, Catholic (1734–1761). Archives Immaculate Conception Church at Natchitoches (French). Register No 1. 17334-1761. Archives Immaculate Conception Church. pp. 4–10.
- ^ Mills, Gary (1977). The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color. LSU. pp. 48–61. ISBN 0807137138.
- ^ "Fort Saint Jean Baptiste State Historic Site". National Park Service. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Dowdy, Verdis (5 October 1975). "Isle Brevelle and Festival". Newspapers.com. The Town Talk. p. 7. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Mills, Elizabeth (2007). Natchitoches: Abstracts of the Catholic Church Registers of the French and Spanish Post of St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches in Louisiana 1729-1803. Heritage Books Inc. pp. 4–16. ISBN 978-0931069109.
- ^ American State Papers, Containing Authentic Documents Relative to the History, Politicks, Statisticks, &C. of the United States of America. Library of Congress. 1808. ISBN 1177720930.
- ^ "Revisiting the Cane River Black Creoles". Kreol International Magazine. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ "Summary Report: Brevelle Lake". United States Geological Service. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Summary Report: Isle Brevelle". United States Geological Service. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Webb, Clarence (1978). The Caddo Indians of Louisiana. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Anthropological Study, No. 2. Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. ASIN B003NY5W7Q.