Francine Joy Drescher (born September 30, 1957) is an American actress, writer, producer, and trade union leader, currently serving as the national president of the Screen Actors Guild – American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). She is best known for her role as Fran Fine in the television sitcom The Nanny (1993–1999), which she created and produced with her then-husband Peter Marc Jacobson.

Fran Drescher
Drescher in 2018
3rd National President of SAG–AFTRA
Assumed office
October 15, 2021
Preceded byGabrielle Carteris
Personal details
Born
Francine Joy Drescher

(1957-09-30) September 30, 1957 (age 67)
New York City, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
(m. 1978; div. 1999)
Domestic partnerShiva Ayyadurai (2014–2016)
EducationQueens College, CUNY (no degree)
SignatureFran Drescher

Drescher made her screen debut with a small role in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever and later appeared in American Hot Wax (1978) and Wes Craven's horror film Stranger in Our House (1978). In the 1980s, she gained recognition as a comedic actress in the films Gorp (1980), The Hollywood Knights (1980), Doctor Detroit (1983), This Is Spinal Tap (1984), and UHF (1989) while establishing a television career with guest appearances on several series.

In 1993, she achieved wider fame as Fran Fine in her own sitcom vehicle The Nanny, for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Television Series during the show's run. In the 2000s, Drescher starred in the sitcoms Living with Fran and Happily Divorced.[1] From 2012 to 2022, she starred in the animated Hotel Transylvania film series. In 2014, Drescher made her Broadway debut in Cinderella as stepmother Madame.[2] In 2020, she starred in the NBC sitcom Indebted.

The national members of the trade union SAG-AFTRA, representing actors and other media professionals, elected Drescher as their president on September 2, 2021, and she took office that October 15.[3][4] Drescher led the union during the five month actors' strike that began on July 14, 2023, concurrently with the writers' strike that began in May.[5]

Early life and education

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Francine Joy Drescher was born on September 30, 1957, in Queens, a borough of New York City,[6][7] the younger daughter of Sylvia Drescher (born 1934), a bridal consultant, and Morty Drescher (1929-2024), a naval systems analyst. Her family is Jewish, from Southeast and Central Europe. Her maternal great-grandmother Yetta was born in Focșani, Romania, and emigrated to the United States,[8] while her father's family came from Poland.[9] She has an older sister Nadine.[10] Drescher was a first runner-up for "Miss New York Teenager" in 1973.[11]

She attended Flushing's Parsons Junior High School, which later dissolved,[12][13] and then Hillcrest High School in Jamaica, Queens. There she met her future husband, Peter Marc Jacobson, whom she married in 1978, at age 21. They divorced in 1999.[14] Drescher graduated from Hillcrest High School in 1975;[12] one of her classmates was comedian Ray Romano.[15] Drescher's character Fran Fine from The Nanny and Romano's character Ray Barone from Everybody Loves Raymond met at a 20th high school reunion on an episode of The Nanny.[16] Drescher and Jacobson attended Queens College, City University of New York, but dropped out in their first year because "all the acting classes were filled." They then enrolled in cosmetology school.[17]

Career

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Early career

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Drescher's first break was a small role as dancer Connie in the movie Saturday Night Fever (1977), in which she delivered the line "So, are you as good in bed as you are on the dance floor?" to John Travolta's character. A year later, she began to gain attention in films such as American Hot Wax (1978) and Summer of Fear (1978). She also took on a rare dramatic role in the 1981 Miloš Forman film Ragtime. During the 1980s, Drescher found success as a character actress with roles in films such as Gorp (1980), The Hollywood Knights (1980), Doctor Detroit (1983), The Big Picture (1989), UHF (1989), Cadillac Man (1990), and memorably in This Is Spinal Tap (1984) as publicist Bobbi Flekman. She also made an appearance in a second-season episode of Who's the Boss? in 1985 as an interior decorator. She also had an appearance on Night Court as a woman with dissociative identity disorder who flips from a prude to a sexually minded woman and ends up in a hotel with Assistant District Attorney Dan Fielding. In 1990, Drescher appeared on ALF as Roxanne, the wife of grown-up Brian, who had no clue she was a mob boss, in the episode "Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades". In 1991, Drescher co-starred on the short-lived CBS sitcom Princesses. In the early-to-mid 1990s, she voiced "Peggy" from The P Pals on PBS (the woman with the flower on her hat).

The Nanny and film roles

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Drescher in 1996

Drescher and Jacobson created their own television show, The Nanny, in 1993. The show aired on CBS from 1993 to 1999, and Drescher became an instant star. In this sitcom, she played a woman named Fran Fine who casually became the nanny of Margaret ("Maggie") (played by Nicholle Tom), Brighton ("B") (played by Benjamin Salisbury), and Grace ("Gracie") Sheffield (played by Madeline Zima); with her wit and her charm, she endeared herself to their widower father: stuffy, composed, proper British gentleman and Broadway producer Maxwell Sheffield (Charles Shaughnessy). She reprised her This is Spinal Tap character of Bobbi Flekman, a look-alike for her Fran Fine character, in season 5, episode 3, of The Nanny. Drescher appeared in Jack (1996), directed by Francis Ford Coppola, The Beautician and the Beast (1997) (for which she was also executive producer) and Picking Up the Pieces (2000) co-starring Woody Allen. She was also the voice of "Pearl" in Shark Bait (2006).

Return to television

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In the 2000s, Drescher made a return to television both with leading and guest roles. In 2003, Drescher appeared in episodes of the short-lived sitcom Good Morning, Miami as Roberta Diaz. In 2005, she returned with the sitcom Living with Fran, in which she played Fran Reeves, a middle-aged mother of two living with Riley Martin (Ryan McPartlin), a man half her age and not much older than her son. Former Nanny costar Charles Shaughnessy appeared as her philandering ex-husband, Ted. Living with Fran was cancelled on May 17, 2006, after two seasons.

In 2006, Drescher guest-starred in an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent; the episode, "The War at Home", aired on US television on November 14, 2006.[18] She also appeared in an episode of Entourage and, in the same year, gave her voice to the role of a female golem in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror XVII". In 2007, Drescher appeared in the US version of the Australian improvisational comedy series Thank God You're Here. In 2008, Drescher announced that she was developing a new sitcom entitled The New Thirty, also starring Rosie O'Donnell. A series about two old high school friends coping with midlife crises, Drescher described the premature plot of the show as "kind of Sex and the City but we ain't getting any! It'll probably be more like The Odd Couple."[19] It was never produced.[19]

In 2010, Drescher returned to television with her own daytime talk show, The Fran Drescher Tawk Show. While the program debuted to strong ratings, it ended its three-week test run to moderate success, resulting in its shelving.[20][21] The following year, the sitcom Happily Divorced, created by Drescher and her ex-husband, Peter Marc Jacobson, was picked up by TV Land for a ten-episode order. It premiered there June 15, 2011.[22] The show was renewed in July 2011 for a second season of 12 episodes, which aired in spring 2012. On May 1, 2012, TV Land extended the second season and picked up 12 additional episodes, taking the second season total to 24. The back-order of season two debuted later in 2012. Happily Divorced was cancelled in August 2013.

To promote Happily Divorced, Drescher performed the weddings of three gay couples in New York City using the minister's license she received from the Universal Life Church.[23] Drescher hand-picked the three couples, all of whom were entrants into "Fran Drescher's 'Love Is Love' Gay Marriage Contest" on Facebook, based on the stories the couples submitted about how they met, why their relationship illustrated that "love is love" and why they wanted to be married by her.[24]

Broadway

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Drescher made her Broadway debut on February 4, 2014, in the revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella.[2] She replaced Harriet Harris as stepmother Madame for a 10-week engagement. She reprised the role during the North American tour's engagement in Los Angeles, lasting from March through April 2015.[25] Drescher's previous stage performances include an off-Broadway production of Nora Ephron's Love, Loss, and What I Wore, and Camelot at the Lincoln Center with the New York Philharmonic.[26] On January 8, 2020, it was announced that Drescher and Jacobson were writing the book for a musical adaptation of The Nanny. Rachel Bloom and Adam Schlesinger of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend were brought on to compose the songs prior to Schlesinger's death in April 2020, while Marc Bruni (Beautiful: The Carole King Musical) was slated to direct. Drescher will not portray the title role, as she joked that if she did "We'd have to change the title to The Granny."[27]

Trade union leader

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In 2021, Drescher began her campaign to become president of the Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) union, citing both her entertainment and political background (see below). Her candidacy came from the "Unite for Strength" faction, and she ran against actor Matthew Modine.[28] On September 2, 2021, SAG-AFTRA announced that Drescher had won the election.[4] On July 13, 2023, after SAG-AFTRA members overwhelmingly voted to authorize a strike action a week prior,[29] Drescher announced the SAG-AFTRA strike was to begin at midnight the following day, running alongside the concurrent Writers Guild of America strike (WGA strike) that began just over two months prior.[5] The strike ended with a tentative deal between the union and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers which was approved by the SAG-AFTRA board. On July 25, 2024, ten months after SAG-AFTRA members voted overwhemingly to authorize another strike against the video game industry, Drescher stated that SAG-AFTRA would begin a strike against major video game publishers, with the strike then going into effect the following day at 12:01 am.[30][31][32][33][34]

Personal life

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Fran Drescher met Peter Marc Jacobson when she was 15.[35] The two were high school sweethearts and married at 21.[36] In January 1985, two armed robbers broke into Drescher and Jacobson's Los Angeles apartment. While one ransacked their home, Drescher and a female friend were raped by the other robber at gunpoint. Jacobson was also physically attacked, tied up, and forced to witness the entire ordeal. It took Drescher many years to recover, and it took her even longer to tell her story to the press. She was paraphrased as saying in an interview with Larry King that although it was a traumatic experience, she found ways to turn it into something positive. In her book Cancer Schmancer, the actress writes: "My whole life has been about changing negatives into positives." According to Drescher, her rapist, who was on parole at the time of the crime, was returned to prison and given two life sentences.[37]

After separating in 1996, Drescher and Jacobson divorced in 1999. They had no children. Drescher has worked to support LGBT rights issues after her former husband came out.[38] Drescher has stated that the primary reason for the divorce was her need to change directions in life. Drescher and Jacobson remain friends and business partners. She has stated that "we choose to be in each other's lives in any capacity. Our love is unique, rare, and unconditional, unless he's being annoying."[39][40] On September 7, 2014, Drescher and Shiva Ayyadurai participated in a ceremony at Drescher's beach house. Both tweeted that they had married and the event was widely reported as such.[41][42][43] Ayyadurai later said it was not "a formal wedding or marriage," but a celebration of their "friendship in a spiritual ceremony with close friends and her family."[44][45] The couple separated two years later.[46][47] In March 2024, Drescher's father died at the age of 94.[10]

Cancer

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Drescher at a press conference for the Austrian charity Dancer Against Cancer, 2010

After two years of symptoms and misdiagnoses by eight doctors, Drescher was admitted to Los Angeles's Cedars Sinai Hospital on June 21, 2000, after doctors diagnosed her with uterine cancer. She had to undergo an immediate radical hysterectomy to treat the disease. Drescher was declared cancer-free and no post-operative treatment was ordered. Drescher wrote about her experiences in her second book, Cancer Schmancer.[37] Her purpose for this book was to raise consciousness for people "to become more aware of the early warning signs of cancer, and to empower themselves". Drescher says, "I was going to learn what I needed to learn, ask questions, become partners with my doctor instead of having some kind of parent/child relationship."

Cancer Schmancer Movement

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On June 21, 2007, the seventh anniversary of her operation, Drescher launched the Cancer Schmancer Movement, a non-profit organization dedicated to ensuring that all women's cancers be diagnosed while in Stage 1, the most curable stage. She celebrated her tenth year of wellness on June 21, 2010. Drescher says:

We need to take control of our bodies, become greater partners with our physicians and galvanize as one to let our legislators know that the collective female vote is louder and more powerful than that of the richest corporate lobbyists.[48]

She says her goal is to live in a time when women's mortality rates drop as their health care improves and early cancer detection increases. Her efforts as an outspoken healthcare advocate in Washington DC helped get unanimous passage for H.R. 1245 (also known as Johanna's Law) and she is acknowledged in the Congressional Record.

Politics

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Drescher and Goli Ameri in 2008

In September 2008, Drescher, a Democrat, was appointed as a U.S. diplomat by George W. Bush administration's Assistant Secretary of State Goli Ameri. Her official title was Public Diplomacy Envoy for Women's Health Issues. In traveling throughout the world, she supported U.S. public diplomacy efforts, including working with health organizations and women's groups to raise awareness of women's health issues, cancer awareness and detection, and patient empowerment and advocacy. Her first trip was in late September and included stops in Romania, Hungary, Serbia, and Poland.[8][49]

In 2008, Drescher supported Senator Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. She attended a Super Democrat rally for Clinton. Drescher said that she had been considering a run for the United States Senate in 2008 to succeed Hillary Clinton, but ultimately decided against it.[50][51] She endorsed Barack Obama for re-election in 2012.[52] In 2017, she said in an interview she was explicitly anti-capitalist and was happy to see the Green Party gaining some traction.[53] In 2018, Drescher attended a fundraiser gala for Friends of the Israeli Defense Forces (FIDF), which raised $60 million.[54] Drescher received the COVID-19 vaccine but opposes vaccine mandates.[55]

Charity

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In April 2014, Drescher presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Bryan Cranston, Idina Menzel and Denzel Washington, after raising donations at her Broadway show Cinderella.[56] Drescher became an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery so that she could legally officiate LGBT wedding ceremonies.[57]

Awards

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Elke Winkens, Fran Drescher and Bill Clinton at the Life Ball, 2009

Drescher has been the recipient of the John Wayne Institute's Woman of Achievement Award, the Gilda Award, the City of Hope Woman of the Year Award, the Hebrew University Humanitarian Award, and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine's Spirit of Achievement Award. In 2006, she was honored with the City of Hope Spirit of Life Award, which was presented to her by Senator Hillary Clinton. On April 10, 2010, she was guest of honor at the "Dancer against Cancer" charity ball held at the Imperial Palace, Vienna, Austria, where she received the first "My Aid Award" for her achievements in support of cancer prevention and rehabilitation.[58] In 2021, Drescher was awarded the LifeSaver Award by ELEM/Youth in Distress.[59][60]

Filmography

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Film

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Film work by Fran Drescher
Year Film Role Notes
1977 Saturday Night Fever Connie
1978 American Hot Wax Sheryl
Stranger in Our House Carolyn Baker
1980 The Hollywood Knights Sally
Gorp Evie
1981 Ragtime Mameh
1983 Doctor Detroit Karen Blittstein
1984 This Is Spinal Tap Bobbi Flekman
P.O.P. Maggie Newton
The Rosebud Beach Hotel Linda
1988 Rock 'n' Roll Mom Jody Levin
1989 UHF Pamela Finklestein
Love and Betrayal Germaine
The Big Picture Polo Habel
1990 Wedding Band Veronica
Cadillac Man Joy Munchack
Hurricane Sam Rene Gianelli
1991 We're Talking Serious Money Valerie
1993 Without Warning: Terror in the Towers Rosemarie Russo
1994 Car 54, Where Are You? Velma Valour
1996 Jack Dolores "D.D." Durante
1997 The Beautician and the Beast Joy Miller Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress
1998 The Emperor's New Clothes: An All-Star Illustrated Retelling of the Classic Fairy Tale The Heralding Horn (voice)
2000 Picking Up the Pieces Sister Frida
Kid Quick Kerry
2003 Beautiful Girl Amanda Wasserman
2005 Santa's Slay Virginia Mason
2006 Shark Bait Pearl (voice)
2011 Mindwash: The Jake Sessions Madame LaRue
2012 Hotel Transylvania Eunice (voice)
2013 Skum Rocks! Herself
Brave Miss World
2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Eunice (voice) Cameo
2018 The Creatress Carrie Robards
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation Eunice (voice)
2019 After Class Diane
2022 Hotel Transylvania: Transformania Eunice (voice)
TBA Spinal Tap II Bobbi Flekman Filming
Marty Supreme Marty's mother Filming

Television

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Television work by Fran Drescher
Year Title Role Notes
1978 Saturday Night Live Concert Goer Episode: "Steve Martin/Van Morrison"
1982 Fame Rhonda Episode: "Metamorphosis"
1983 9 to 5 Tapioca Episode: "The Oldest Profession"
1985 Silver Spoons Annie Episode: "Marry Me, Marry Me: Part 2"
227 Mrs. Baker Episode: "The Refrigerator"
1985, 1986 Who's the Boss? Carol Patrice, Joyce Columbus 2 episodes
1986 Night Court Miriam Brody Episode: "Author, Author"
Charmed Lives Joyce Columbus 4 episodes
1987 Rosie Vicki Low Episode: "Valentine of Life"
1990 ALF Roxanne Episode: "Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades"
WIOU Jo Finc Episode: "Pilot"
1991 Princesses Melissa Kirshner 8 episodes
Dream On Kathleen Episode: "The Second Greatest Story Ever Told"
1992 Civil Wars Norma Baker Episode: "A Bus Named Desire"
1993–1999 The Nanny Fran Fine Lead role, 146 episodes plus special
Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Female Performer in a Television Series
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy (1996–1997)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (1996–1997)
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
1995 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Herself Episode: Girlie Show
2003 Good Morning, Miami Roberta Diaz 3 episodes
The Restaurant Herself 1 episode
2004 Strong Medicine Irene Slater Episode: "Cinderella in Scrubs"
2005–2006 Living with Fran Fran Reeves Lead role, 26 episodes
2005 What I Like About You Fran Reeves Episode: "Girls Gone Wild"
2006 The Simpsons The Female Golem Episode: "Treehouse of Horror XVII"
Law & Order: Criminal Intent Elaine Dockerty Episode: "The War at Home"
2007 Thank God You're Here Herself/Ms. Bumblebee
SeeMore's Playhouse Herself
2008 Live from Lincoln Center Morgan Le Fay Episode: "Camelot"
Entourage Mrs. Levine Episode: "The All Out Fall Out"
2010 Glenn Martin, DDS Arlene Stein Episode: "Dad News Bears"
The Fran Drescher Show Host 16 episodes
2011–2013 Happily Divorced Fran Lovett Lead role, 34 episodes
2015 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode: "8 Chefs Compete Again"
2017 Broad City Beverly Baumgarten Episode: "Florida"
2018 Alone Together Mary Episode: "Mom"
2019 Welcome to the Wayne Barbara Wasserman (voice) Episode: "Welcome to the Wassermans"
2020 Indebted Debbie Main role, 12 episodes
The Christmas Setup Kate TV movie
2022 Mr. Mayor Angelica Masters Episode: "Trampage"
2023 Secrets of the Morning Agnes Morris Television film

Theater

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Theater work by Fran Drescher
Year Title Role Venue
2008 Camelot Morgan le Fay Avery Fisher Hall
2010 Love, Loss, and What I Wore Performer Westside Theatre
2014 Rodgers + Hammerstein's Cinderella Madame Broadway Theatre
2015 Ahmanson Theatre

Books

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Year Title Publisher ISBN Notes
1996 Enter Whining Regan Books ISBN 0060391553 Memoir
2002 Cancer Schmancer Grand Central Publishing ISBN 0759527695
2011 Being Wendy Grosset & Dunlap ISBN 0448456885 with Amy Blay

References

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  2. ^ a b Rosky, Nicole (December 9, 2013). "Fran Drescher to Make Broadway Debut as 'Madame' in CINDERELLA in February; Harriet Harris to Depart on 2/3". Broadway World. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  3. ^ Maddaus, Gene (September 2, 2021). "Fran Drescher Elected President of SAG-AFTRA, Rival Joely Fisher Wins Secretary-Treasurer". Variety. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "SAG-AFTRA Members Elect Fran Drescher President of Union and Joely Fisher as Secretary-Treasurer". sagaftra.org. September 2, 2021. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  5. ^ a b PBS News Hour, July 13, 2023 'Screen Actors Guild president Fran Drescher announces unanimous vote to go on strike' https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/screen-actors-guild-to-vote-on-strike-after-contract-deadline-passes-without-a-deal Archived July 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Fran Drescher". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  7. ^ Firestone, David (September 18, 1994). "For Queens, a Place in the Sun; Hollywood Is Suddenly Zooming In, With a Vengeance". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2014. Ms. Drescher, who actually comes from Kew Gardens Hills, may be the most deliberately colorful of the lot, but she is hardly alone in celebrating the showbiz ascendancy of her native land.
  8. ^ a b "Dădaca Fran: "Eu sunt din România!"". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014.
  9. ^ Fran Drescher. "Raising Global Awareness of Women's Health Issues". Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  10. ^ a b Moore, Julia (April 2, 2024). "Fran Drescher Says Her 'Tears Come Often' as She Continues to Mourn Death of Her Father Morty". People. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  11. ^ Drescher, Fran (1996). Enter Whining (1 ed.). New York: Regan Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-06-039155-3. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Fran Drescher". Biography.com. A&E Networks. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. While attending Parsons Junior High, Drescher realized she was interested in acting. At Hillcrest High School (where she shared several classes with comedian and fellow student Ray Romano), Drescher joined the drama club. There she met and began dating classmate Peter Marc Jacobson... After graduating in 1975...
  13. ^ Rhoades, Liz (May 31, 2007). "Two Schools To Replace Parsons Junior High". Queens Chronicle. Queens, New York City. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  14. ^ Meisler, Andy (December 18, 1994). "Television; Mary Poppins She's Not". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014. After she graduated from Hillcrest High School in Queens, where she met Mr. Jacobson, the two of them moved to Los Angeles and were married.
  15. ^ Gliatto, Tom; Tomashoff, Craig (October 14, 1996). "Home Truths". People. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014. While a student at Hillcrest High (where The Nanny's Fran Drescher was a classmate), he performed in a comedy troupe at church.
  16. ^ "The Nanny (1993–1999) : The Reunion Show". IMDb. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
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  23. ^ "ULC Minister Fran Drescher to Officiate Gay Wedding – Universal Life Church Monastery Blog". Themonastery.org. March 5, 2012. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
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  35. ^ Happily Divorced: Season 1 (DVD). March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021. YouTube title:Extended Interview with Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
  36. ^ Shewfelt, Raechal (January 23, 2020). "Fran Drescher Says Gay Ex-Husband and 'Friend with Benefits' Keep Her Happy: 'I'm Not Dating'". Yahoo!Life. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
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  44. ^ Kumar, Vipin (November 25, 2014). "Interview with Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, The Inventor of Email and Systems Scientist". Tamil Nadu.[permanent dead link]
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