Consumer culture

Social scientists Arthur Berger, Aaron Wildavsky, and Mary Douglas have suggested that there are four political and consumer cultures possible in a democratic society: hierarchical/elitist, individualist, egalitarian, and fatalist.^[3]

• Hierarchical/Elitist: Someone with the belief that a system or society should be ruled, dominated, or otherwise controlled by a group of individuals determined to be of higher standing than others.

• Individualist: Someone who puts the needs of the individual before the needs of others.
• Egalitarian: Someone that believes that peoples' needs and rights should be equal, fair, and cared for.
• Fatalist: Someone with the belief that future events are inevitable, and thus there is little to no point in attempting to alter them.

To improve the effectiveness of advertisements, people of various age groups are employed by marketing companies to increase the understanding of the beliefs, attitudes, and values of the targeted consumers.

A quote by Shah states that "The sophistication of advertising methods and techniques has advanced, enticing and shaping and even creating consumerism and needs where there has been none before".^[4]

Anthropologist Richard R. Wilk has written about bottled water and the consumerist basis it has in society. The base point of this article is to point out how water is free, and it is abundant, but over time it has become a point of marketing. The debate has always existed if there is a real difference in taste between bottled water and tap water. When it comes down to it, during many blind tastes, people cannot even tell which was tap and which was bottled, and more often than not tap water won for better taste. Water has always been regarded as a pure substance and has connections in many religions. Throughout history, it has been shown that control over water is equivalent to control over untamed nature, and this has been shown in movies as well. To build on this idea, Wilk points out how having bottled water enforces the idea of this control over nature and the need that humans have for water. To further enforce this idea of natural and pure water, a 1999 report by the National Resources Defense Council found that many water companies use words like “pure” and “pristine” to aid in marketing. Wilk explains that it is more than just the marketing of it being pure, but that people want bottled water because they know the source. Public water comes from an anonymous source and Wilk concludes that the home is an extension of ourselves, so why would we want to bring an unknown specimen into our home? This is where the bottled water preference comes in, according to Wilk, because people can trace it back to where it came from. In addition to this idea, many brands and companies have started marketing water toward specific needs like special water for women, kids, athletes, and so on. This increases competition between brands and takes away from customers being able to choose what water they want. This is due to the larger companies being able to make more connections and pay the expensive fee to be sold on the shelves. Wilk concludes that since it is hard to trust either, it comes down to which is distrusted least.^[2]

Before the Industrial Revolution, the home was a place where men and women produced, consumed, and worked.^[5] The men were highly valued workers, such as barbers, butchers, farmers, and lumbermen who brought income into the house. The wives of these men completed various tasks to save money which included, churning butter, fixing clothes, and tending the garden. This system created an equal value for all of the jobs and tasks in a community. Once the Industrial Revolution began, there was no such thing as equal and high valued work in a mass production industry. The only value these workers had were the wage they made. That meant the wives lost their value at home and had to start working for a living. This new system created the thought of everyone being replaceable.^[6]

The life of a worker was a challenging one. Working 12 to 14-hour days, 6 days a week, and in a dangerous environment. The worst part was the infrequency of pay or not being paid at all. At times, employers paid their workers in script pay, non-U.S. currency, or even in-store credit.^[6]

• Consumerism – Socio-economic order that encourages the purchase of goods/services in ever-greater amounts
• Moonlight clan – People who expend their entire salary before the end of each month
• Market economy – Type of economic system
• Hyperconsumerism – Consumption of goods beyond ones necessities
• Conspicuous consumption – Concept in sociology and economy
• Consumer choice – Aspect of economics
• Consumer culture theory – Study of consumption choices and behaviors
• Consumer protection – Protection of consumers against unfair practices
• Hype culture – Trend of exaggerated expectations in consumer culture