Codex Sangallensis is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. It is designated by Δ or 037 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε76 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is usually dated to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE.[1] It was given its current name by biblical scholar Johann Martin Augustin Scholz in 1830.[2]: 156
| New Testament manuscript | |
 The beginning of John | |
| Name | Sangallensis |
|---|---|
| Sign | Δ |
| Text | Gospels |
| Date | 9th century |
| Script | Greek-Latin |
| Now at | Abbey library of Saint Gall |
| Size | 23 cm by 18.5 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian / Byzantine |
| Category | III |
The Latin text is written above the Greek text, interlinear style.
Description
editThe manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing a near complete text of the four Gospels on 198 parchment leaves (sized 23 cm by 18.5 cm), with one missing section: John 19:17-35.[3] The text is written in one column per page, 17-28 lines per page,[1] in large semi-uncial letters using brown and black ink.[4][3] The Latin text is written above the Greek (as in Codex Boernerianus (Gp)), and in minuscule letters. Each word (in both Greek and Latin lines) is separated by a middot (·).[3] No breathing or accent marks are utilised.[3] Many initial letters are decorated using mixtures of red, yellow, purple, or bluish-green ink.[3] It is decorated, but the decorations were made by an inartistic hand.[5]: 82 The manuscript from which Sangallensis was copied (known as its Vorlage/exemplar) was likely written stichometrically.[2]: 158 Quotations from the Old Testament are indicated.[3]
The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given in the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons (both early systems of dividing the four Gospels into different sections) in Roman letters written below the Ammonian Section numbers.[3] The top of the pages contain the τιτλοι (titles of chapters).[4][3] It contains Prologues,[3] the Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I (a letter outlining Jerome's Latin translation of the Gospels),[3] the Eusebian Canon Tables, and the tables of contents (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) before each gospel in both Greek and Latin.[4][3][2]: 157 Brief subscriptions are written after each gospel.[3] Jerome's Preface to Matthew is also included before the first Gospel.[3]
The text of Mark 7:16 was originally omitted but inserted by a later hand,[6]: 111 and Mark 11:26 is omitted without being added later.[6]: 126 The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is omitted, but a blank space was left for the remainder of the 348th page. The texts of Matthew 16:2b–3 and John 5:4 are included without any indications of spuriousness, but Luke 22:43 is marked by asterisks to express doubt as to its inclusion.[3]
Text
edit- Greek Text
The Greek text is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (similar to Codex Regius (L)) in the Gospel of Mark, but the Byzantine text-type in the rest of the gospels (as in Codex Athous Lavrensis (Ψ)).[3][5]: 82–83 The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[5]: 205–230 Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category III of his New Testament manuscript classification system.[1] Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified."[1]: 335
- Latin text
The Latin version seems a mixture of the Vulgate with Old Latin Itala readings, and altered and accommodated to the Greek as to be of little critical value.[3] The interlinear Latin text of the codex is remarkable for its alternative readings in almost every verse, e.g. uxorem vel coniugem (wife or spouse) for την γυναικα (the wife) in Matthew 1:20.[7]
- Some Textual variants
- Ζορομβαβαβελ (Zorombababel) - Δ
- Ζοροβαβελ (Zorobabel) - All other witnesses.[8]
- τὰ ἱμάτιά μου ἑαυτοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ἱματισμόν μου ἔβαλον κλῆρον (my clothes for themselves, and for my cloak they cast lots) - Δ Θ 0250 ƒ1 ƒ13 537 1424
- omit - All other witnesses.[6]: 83
- η αγαπη του πλουτου (the love of wealth) - Δ
- απαται του πλουτου (deceived by wealth) - D Θ 565 it
- απαται του κοσμου (deceived by the world) - W 1424 f
- η απατη του πλουτου (the deception of wealth) - All other witnesses.[6]: 100
History
editThe earliest history of the manuscript is unknown, however it is likely that it was written in the West, possibly in the St. Gallen monastery, by an Irish monk in the 9th century.[4]: 87 It can not be dated earlier, because it has a reference to the (heretical) opinions of Gottschalk (died 868) at Luke 13:24 and John 12:40.
The siglum Δ was given to it by biblical scholar Johann Scholz.[9] It was examined by Martin Gerbert (1773), Scholz, H. C. M. Rettig, J. Rendel Harris, and Oscar von Gebhardt. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same manuscript as Codex Boernerianus.[4]: 87 The text of the codex was edited and published by Rettig in 1836, but with some mistakes (e.g. in Luke 21:32 οφθαλμους (eyes) instead of αδελφους (brothers)).[5]: 83
There are references made to the opinions of Gottschalk († 866) in Luke 13:24; John 12:40, and to Hand Aragon († 941).[4]: 87 The codex is currently located in the Abbey library of St. Gallen (shelf number 48) at St. Gallen in Switzerland.[1][10]
Gallery
edit-
The epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I
-
Tables of κεφαλαια for John
-
It lacks John 7:53-8:11
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
- ^ a b c Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. Plate LXV.
- ^ a b c d e f Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 86.
- ^ a b c d Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516122-X.
- ^ a b c d e f Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce M.; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1981). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (26 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. ISBN 3-438-051001. (NA26)
- ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1984). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 51.
- ^ Tischendorf, Constantin (1969). Novum Testamentum Graece: Editio Octavo Critica Maior (in Latin). Vol. 1 (8 ed.). Leipzig: Giesecke & Devrient. p. 3.
- ^ H. C. M. Rettig, Ueber einen tausendjährigen noch nie verglichenen griechischen Evangeliencodex mit lateinischer Interlinearversion, Theologische Studien und Kritiken (1836), pp. 465-469.
- ^ "Liste Handschriften: Codex Sangallensis Δ/20037". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
Further reading
edit- H. C. M. Rettig, Antiquissimus quattuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis Graeco-Latinus intertlinearis, Quart., (Zurich, 1836), p. LIV, 429.
- Gustav Scherrer, Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothel. von St. Gallen …, (Halle, 1875).
- J. Rendel Harris, The Codex Sangallensis (Δ). A Study in the Text of the Old Latin Gospels, (London, 1891).
External links
edit- Codex Sangallensis Δ (037): at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
- Digital colour images of Codex Sangallensis 48 at the CSNTM.
- Digital colour images of Codex Sangallensis 48 at the Stiffsbibliothek St. Gallen