Caucasian Albanian (also called Old Udi, Aluan or Aghwan)[2] is an extinct member of the Northeast Caucasian languages. It was spoken in Caucasian Albania, which stretched from current day south Dagestan to Azerbaijan. Linguists believe it is an early linguistic predecessor to the endangered Northeast Caucasian Udi language.[3] The distinct Caucasian Albanian alphabet used 52 letters.
| Aghwan | |
|---|---|
| Old Udi Gargarian Caucasian Albanian | |
| 𐕒𐕡𐔳𐔼𐕎 𐕌𐕒𐕡𐔵 | |
 A 7th-century column capital with Caucasian Albanian text | |
| Native to | Caucasian Albania |
| Era | 6th–8th century AD. Developed into Udi[1] |
| Caucasian Albanian | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xag |
xag | |
| Glottolog | aghw1237 |
Caucasian Albanian possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians. Despite its name, Caucasian Albanian bears no linguistic relationship whatsoever with the Albanian language spoken in Albania, which belongs to the Indo-European family.
Discovery and decipherment
editThe existence of the Caucasian Albanian literature was known only indirectly before the late 20th century. Koryun's Life of Mashtots, written in the 5th century but only surviving in much later corrupted manuscripts, and Movses Kaghankatvatsi's History of the Caucasian Albanians, written in the 10th century, attribute the conversion of the Caucasian Albanians to Christianity to two missionaries, Enoch and Dana, and the creation of the Caucasian Albanian alphabet to the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots. A certain Bishop Jeremiah then translated the Christian Bible into their language. As recently as 1977, Bruce Metzger could write that "nothing of [this] version has survived".[4]
In 1996, Zaza Aleksidze of the Centre of Manuscripts in Tbilisi, Georgia, discovered a palimpsest[5] at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai, Egypt, with an unknown script.[6] He went on to identify the alphabet as Caucasian Albanian,[7] and to identify the manuscript as an early Christian lectionary from about the 5th or 6th century. The lectionary may be the earliest extant lectionary in the Christian religion.[8]
Then linguists Jost Gippert and Wolfgang Schulze got involved with the Caucasian Albanian alphabet.[9] Specialized x-ray equipment was used, which made it possible to read the Caucasian Albanian palimpsest texts in their entirety.[10] A list of Caucasian Albanian month names, which survived in a number of medieval manuscripts, gave one of the clues to the language.[9] In 2017, two additional texts of Caucasian Albanian were discovered in Saint Catherine's Monastery.[11] The original text on the palimpsests was erased anywhere between the 4th and 12th century.[12]
Texts
editThe deciphered text of the lectionary includes excerpts from the Hebrew Bible (Psalms and Isaiah)[2] and from the New Testament (Acts of the Apostles the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, and the epistles of Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Hebrews, 2 Peter, 1 John and James).[2][13][14] Text from the Gospel of John, separate from the lectionary, was also found. Its text proved much more difficult to recover and on some pages it can only be identified by the Eusebian canons at the bottom of the page. This was likely a complete gospel originally,[2] and it is possible that the whole Bible had at some point been translated into Caucasian Albanian.[13]
The Caucasian Albanian translation of the Bible relies predominantly on Old Armenian translations, but it deviates from the known Armenian text in several places, suggesting that the original Greek and possibly Georgian and Syriac translations were also used as source texts.[2]
Apart from the Caucasian Albanian palimpsests kept at Mt. Sinai, the most famous samples of Caucasian Albanian inscriptions were found in 1949 during excavations in Mingachevir region, Azerbaijan. Among the known Caucasian Albanian words are zow (I), own (and) and avel-om (much, ordinal form).[15]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Guttural | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | palatalized | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | q | ||||
| voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | |||||
| ejective | p’ | t’ | tʲ’ | k’ | q’ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʃ | tɕ | |||||
| voiced | dz | dzʲ | dʒ | dʑ | |||||
| ejective | ts’ | tʃ’ | tɕ’ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ɕ | x | χ | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʑ | ɣ | ʕ | |||
| Approximant | w | l | lʲ | j | w | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | i | y | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a | ɒ | |
Syntax
editOld Udi was an ergative–absolutive language.[16]
References
edit- ^ "Aghwan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
6th-8th Centuries AD.
- ^ a b c d e Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2007). "Some remarks on the Caucasian Albanian palimpsests". Iran and the Caucasus. 11 (2): 201–211. doi:10.1163/157338407X265441.
- ^ Zaza Aleksidze, "Udi Language: Comparing Ancient Albanian with Contemporary Udi," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 43.
- ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations (Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 303.
- ^ Zaza Aleksidze, "Caucasian Albanian Script: The Significance of Decipherment," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 56.
- ^ Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, in "Caucasian Albanian Alphabet, Ancient Script Discovered in the Ashes," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 38-41.
- ^ Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, "Quick Facts: The Caucasian Albanian Script," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 43.
- ^ Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, in "The Albanian Script: The Process - How Its Secrets Were Revealed," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 41-51..
- ^ a b Wolfgang Schulze. "Towards a history of Udi" (PDF). Papers of the IFEA Round Table. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Zaza Alexidze (2007). "Discovery and Decipherment of Caucasian Albanian Writing" (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Scientists find languages not used since Dark Ages among ancient manuscripts recovered from monastery.
- ^ Sarah Lasgow "Found: Hidden Examples of Long-Lost Languages in Centuries-Old Palimpsests"
- ^ a b For Acts, see Wolfgang Schulze, "Aspects of Udi–Iranian Language Contact", in Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova and Matthias Weinreich (eds.), Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 373–401, at 376.
- ^ See photo of Albanian script of 2 Corinthians 11:26–27 with its repetition of the phrase in "I was persecuted," which helped unlock the key to the alphabet for Aleksidze.
- ^ Wolfgang Schulze (2003). "Caucasian Albanian - Palimpsest and Inscriptions". Leibniz-Rechenzentrum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 206.
Further reading
edit- Aleksidzé, Zaza (2020). "The deciphering of the script of the Caucasian Albanians". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.). From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE). Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press. pp. 335–350. doi:10.31826/9781463239893-018.
- Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2023). "The Language of the Caucasian Albanians". In Gippert, Jost; Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (eds.). Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–230. doi:10.1515/9783110794687-004.