Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America[1] and is basal to the other members of the tribe.[3] Its members are informally known as true dogs.

Canini
Temporal range: 9–0 Ma Late MiocenePresent[1]
Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817[2]
Genera[1]

Taxonomy

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The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma.

Members of this tribe include:

Subtribe Description Image Genus Species
Canina
Waldheim, 1817
The wolf-like canines.[4]   Canis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
  Cuon
(Hodgson, 1838)
  Lupulella
(Hilzheimer, 1906)
  Lycaon
Brookes, 1827
  Cynotherium
(Studiati, 1857)
  Eucyon
(Tedford & Qiu, 1996)
  • Eucyon davisi
  Aenocyon

(Merriam, 1918)

Cerdocyonina
(Tedford,
et al., 2009)
The South American,
fox-shaped canines.[4]
  Speothos
(Lund, 1839)
  Atelocynus
(Cabrera, 1940)
  Chrysocyon
(C.E.H. Smith, 1839)
  Dusicyon
(C.E.H. Smith, 1839)
  Lycalopex
(Burmeister 1854)
  Cerdocyon
(C.E.H. Smith, 1839)
Protocyon
(Giebel 1855)
Theriodictis
(Mercerat, 1891)
  • Theriodictis platensis

Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini, the Eurasian and North American foxes.

 
Ventral portion of grey wolf and crab-eating fox skulls. Note how the palatine bone extends past the tooth row of the latter.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[5] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species,[6] Lycalopex species,[7] and Dusicyon.[8]

 Caninae 
 Canini 
Canina
 Canis 
 
 
 

Canis latrans (coyote)  

Canis rufus (red wolf)  

Canis lycaon (algonquin wolf)  

Canis lupus (gray wolf)  

Canis familiaris (domestic dog)  

Canis anthus (African wolf)  

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)  

Canis aureus (golden jackal)  

  
 Cuon 

Cuon alpinus (dhole)  

   Lycaon 

Lycaon pictus 
(African wild dog)

    Lupulella 

Lupulella adusta 
(side-striped jackal)

Lupulella mesomelas 
(black-backed jackal)

 Cerdocyonina 
 
   

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)  

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)  

Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

 Lycalopex 

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)  

Lycalopex sechurae
(Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

Lycalopex gymnocercus    
(pampas fox)

Lycalopex griseus
(South American gray fox or chilla)  

Lycalopex culpaeus 
(culpeo or Andean fox)

   

Cerdocyon thous  
(crab-eating fox)

     

Atelocynus microtis  
(short-eared dog)

 Vulpini 

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)  

Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs)  

 Vulpes 

Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)  

Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)  

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)  

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)  

Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)  

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)  

Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox)  

Vulpes macrotis (kit fox)  

Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)  

 Urocyon 

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
  2. ^ Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
  3. ^ Zrzavý, Jan; Duda, Pavel; Robovský, Jan; Okřinová, Isabela; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra (2018). "Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 373–389. doi:10.1111/zsc.12293. S2CID 90592618.
  4. ^ a b Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
  5. ^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  6. ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
  7. ^ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
  8. ^ Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. S2CID 36185744.
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