Araucarioxylon arizonicum (alternatively Agathoxylon arizonicum) is an extinct species of conifer that is the state fossil of Arizona.[1] The species is known from massive tree trunks that weather out of the Chinle Formation in desert badlands of northern Arizona and adjacent New Mexico, most notably in the 378.51 square kilometres (93,530 acres) Petrified Forest National Park.[2] There, these trunks are locally so abundant that they have been used as building materials.[3]
| Araucarioxylon arizonicum | |
|---|---|
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| Araucarioxylon arizonicum look reconstruction. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Araucariales |
| Family: | Araucariaceae |
| Genus: | †Araucarioxylon |
| Species: | †A. arizonicum
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| Binomial name | |
| †Araucarioxylon arizonicum | |
Description
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The petrified wood of this tree is frequently referred to as "Rainbow wood" because of the large variety of colors some specimens exhibit. The red and yellow are produced by large particulate forms of iron oxide, the yellow being limonite and the red being hematite. The purple hue comes from extremely fine spherules of hematite distributed throughout the quartz matrix, and not from manganese, as has sometimes been suggested.[3]
The trunks were large and slender, tapering slightly towards their apex. The largest known trunk in Petrified Forest was 'Old Faithful', from the Rainbow Forest sandstone beds of the Sonsela Member. This trunk had a diameter of 2.9 meters (9.5 feet) at its base, and a maximum estimated height of 59 meters (194 feet) based on modern conifer proportions. Branches are broken off in most fossils, but their bases leave scars indicating that the branches were slender and bent upwards at around 30-40 degrees above the horizontal. The branches are regularly and widely spaced around nearly the entire trunk. Some fragments from the upper part of the trunk have thin branches arranged in small clusters.[1]
Preserved bark is rare, but known bark fossils show that it is thin and "rippled", with low ridges and longitudinal furrows similar to some modern pines. The roots, when preserved, are significantly different from modern conifers: There is a massive central taproot, up to 5 meters (16.4 feet) long, ringed by four to six thick lateral roots. Modern conifers, on the other hand, typically bear a circular cluster of relatively small, narrow roots. No known conifer foliage is directly associated with the trunks, but common conifer leaves such as Pagiophyllum, Brachyphyllum, and Podozamites are also known from the Chinle Formation.[4] In life, Araucarioxylon arizonicum may have looked similar to a medium-sized Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia).[1]
Paleoecology
editIn the Triassic period (around 250 to 200 million years ago), Arizona was a flat tropical expanse in the northwest corner of the supercontinent Pangaea. There, a forest grew in which A. arizonicum towered as high as 60 metres (200 ft) and measured more than 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) in diameter. Fossils frequently show boreholes of insect larvae, possibly beetles similar to members of the modern family Ptinidae.[2][3]
Taxonomy
editAraucarioxylon arizonicum has alternatively been called Agathoxylon arizonicum due to Araucarioxylon being a junior synonym of Agathoxylon.[5] They were first described in 1889 by the American paleobotanist Frank Hall Knowlton.[6]
The validity of the name Araucarioxylon arizonicum has been questioned. A. arizonicum may actually be composed of several different genera and species.[7] A 2007 study on the syntypes used by Knowlton in describing the species has revealed that they belonged to three species. They were tentatively reclassified as Pullisilvaxylon arizonicum, Pullisilvaxylon daughertii, and Chinleoxylon knowltonii. The genus Araucarioxylon may thus be superfluous and illegitimate; and the petrified logs of Petrified Forest National Park may be composed of a greater diversity than initially believed.[8]
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Sidney R. Ash & Geoffrey T. Creber (2000). "The Late Araucarioxylon arizonicum Trees of the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA". Palaeontology. 43: 22–23. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00116. S2CID 128691956.
- ^ a b Sidney R. Ash & Rodney A. Savidge (2004). "The bark of the Late Triassic Araucarioxylon arizonicum tree from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona" (PDF). IAWA Journal. 25 (3): 349–368. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000371. S2CID 84702754. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Adele Conover (June 1997). "The Object at Hand". Smithsonian.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ^ Sidney R. Ash (1989). "A catalog of Upper Triassic plant megafossils of the western United States through 1988" (PDF). In S.G. Lucas & A.P. Hunt (ed.). Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History. pp. 189–222.
- ^ Philippe, Marc (March–April 2011). "How many species of Araucarioxylon?". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 10 (2–3): 201–208. Bibcode:2011CRPal..10..201P. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2010.10.010.
- ^ Frank H. Knowlton (1889). "New species of fossil wood (Araucarioxylon arizonicum) from Arizona and New Mexico" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 11 (676): 1–5. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.11-676.1.
- ^ Wayne P. Armstrong (December 2008). "A Taxonomic Problem With Araucarioxylon arizonicum". Wayne's Word, Palomar College. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ^ Rodney A. Savidge (2007). "Wood anatomy of Late Triassic trees in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, in relation to Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knowlton, 1889" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences. 82 (4): 301–328. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.04.301.