Korisnik:Palapa/Kvantna tačka

Kvantne tačke (QD) su poluprovodničke čestice veličine nekoliko nanometara, koje imaju optička i elektronska svojstva koja se razlikuju od većih čestica kao rezultat kvantne mehanike. Oni su centralna tema u nanotehnologiji. Kada su kvantne tačke osvijetljene UV svjetlošću, elektron u kvantnoj tački može biti pobuđen u stanje više energije. U slučaju poluvodičke kvantne tačke, ovaj proces odgovara prijelazu elektrona iz valentnog pojasa u pojas provodljivosti. Pobuđeni elektron može pasti natrag u valentni pojas oslobađajući svoju energiju kao svjetlost. Ova emisija svjetlosti (fotoluminiscencija) je ilustrovana na slici desno. Boja te svjetlosti ovisi o energetskoj razlici između pojasa provodljivosti i valentnog pojasa, ili prijelaza između diskretnih energetskih stanja kada struktura pojasa više nije dobra definicija u QD-ovima.

Jezikom nauke o materijalima, poluprovodnički materijali nanorazmera čvrsto ograničavaju ili elektrone ili elektronske rupe . Kvantne tačke se ponekad nazivaju umjetnim atomima, naglašavajući njihovu singularnost, jer imaju vezana, diskretna elektronska stanja, poput prirodnih atoma ili molekula.^[1]^[2] Pokazalo se da elektronske valne funkcije u kvantnim tačkama nalikuju onima u stvarnim atomima. ^[3] Spajanjem dvije ili više takvih kvantnih tačaka, može se napraviti umjetna molekula, koja pokazuje hibridizaciju čak i na sobnoj temperaturi.^[4] yyy

Kvantne tačke imaju svojstva posredna između masivnih poluvodiča i diskretnih atoma ili molekula. Njihova optoelektronska svojstva mijenjaju se kao funkcija veličine i oblika.^[5] ^[6] Veći QD od 5–6 nm prečnika emituju veće talasne dužine, sa bojama kao što su narandžasta ili crvena. Manji QD-ovi (2–3 nm) emituju kraće talasne dužine, dajući boje poput plave i zelene. Međutim, specifične boje variraju u zavisnosti od tačnog sastava QD.^[7]

Potencijalne primjene kvantnih tačaka uključuju tranzistore s jednim elektronom, solarne ćelije, LED diode, lasere, ^[8] jednofotonske izvore,^[9] ^[10] ^[11] generaciju drugog harmonika, kvantno računanje, ^[12] istraživanje ćelijske biologije,^[13] mikroskopija,^[14] i medicinsko snimanje.^[15] Njihova mala veličina omogućava da neke QD budu suspendovane u rastvoru, što može dovesti do njihove upotrebe u inkjet štampi i centrifugiranju.^[16] Korišteni su u Langmuir-Blodgett tankim filmovima.^[17]^[18]^[19] Ove tehnike obrade rezultiraju jeftinijim i manje dugotrajnim metodama proizvodnje poluprovodnika.

Uređaj koji proizvodi vidljivo svjetlo, putem prijenosa energije iz tankih slojeva kvantnih bunara do kristala iznad slojeva. ^[20]

References

[[Kategorija:Kvantna hemija]]

^ Ashoori, R. C. (1996). "Electrons in artificial atoms". Nature. 379 (6564): 413–419. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..413A. doi:10.1038/379413a0.
^ Kastner, M. A. (1993). "Artificial Atoms". Physics Today. 46 (1): 24–31. Bibcode:1993PhT....46a..24K. doi:10.1063/1.881393.
^ Banin, Uri; Cao, YunWei; Katz, David; Millo, Oded (August 1999). "Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots". Nature (jezik: engleski). 400 (6744): 542–544. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..542B. doi:10.1038/22979. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Cui, Jiabin; Panfil, Yossef E.; Koley, Somnath; Shamalia, Doaa; Waiskopf, Nir; Remennik, Sergei; Popov, Inna; Oded, Meirav; Banin, Uri (2019-12-16). "Colloidal quantum dot molecules manifesting quantum coupling at room temperature". Nature Communications (jezik: engleski). 10 (1): 5401. arXiv:1905.06065. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5401C. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13349-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6915722. PMID 31844043.
^ Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. (2000). "Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies". Annual Review of Materials Research. 30 (1): 545–610. Bibcode:2000AnRMS..30..545M. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.545.
^ Brus, L.E. (2007). "Chemistry and Physics of Semiconductor Nanocrystals" (PDF). Pristupljeno 7 July 2009.
^ "Quantum Dots". Nanosys – Quantum Dot Pioneers. Pristupljeno 2015-12-04.
^ Huffaker, D. L.; Park, G.; Zou, Z.; Shchekin, O. B.; Deppe, D. G. (1998). "1.3 μm room-temperature GaAs-based quantum-dot laser". Applied Physics Letters. 73 (18): 2564–2566. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.2564H. doi:10.1063/1.122534. ISSN 0003-6951.
^ Lodahl, Peter; Mahmoodian, Sahand; Stobbe, Søren (2015). "Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures". Reviews of Modern Physics. 87 (2): 347–400. arXiv:1312.1079. Bibcode:2015RvMP...87..347L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.347. ISSN 0034-6861.
^ Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.; Polyakov, S. V. (2011). "Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors". Review of Scientific Instruments. 82 (7): 071101–071101–25. Bibcode:2011RScI...82g1101E. doi:10.1063/1.3610677. ISSN 0034-6748. PMID 21806165.
^ Senellart, Pascale; Solomon, Glenn; White, Andrew (2017). "High-performance semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources". Nature Nanotechnology. 12 (11): 1026–1039. Bibcode:2017NatNa..12.1026S. doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.218. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 29109549.
^ Loss, Daniel; DiVincenzo, David P. (1998). "Quantum computation with quantum dots". Physical Review A. 57 (1): 120–126. arXiv:cond-mat/9701055. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..57..120L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.120. ISSN 1050-2947.
^ Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J. M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.; Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S. (2005). "Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics". Science. 307 (5709): 538–44. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..538M. doi:10.1126/science.1104274. PMC 1201471. PMID 15681376.
^ Wagner, Christian; Green, Matthew F. B.; Leinen, Philipp; Deilmann, Thorsten; Krüger, Peter; Rohlfing, Michael; Temirov, Ruslan; Tautz, F. Stefan (2015-07-06). "Scanning Quantum Dot Microscopy". Physical Review Letters (jezik: engleski). 115 (2): 026101. arXiv:1503.07738. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115b6101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.026101. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 26207484.
^ Ramírez, H. Y.; Flórez J.; Camacho A. S. (2015). "Efficient control of coulomb enhanced second harmonic generation from excitonic transitions in quantum dot ensembles". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (37): 23938–46. Bibcode:2015PCCP...1723938R. doi:10.1039/C5CP03349G. PMID 26313884.
^ Coe-Sullivan, S.; Steckel, J. S.; Woo, W.-K.; Bawendi, M. G.; Bulović, V. (2005-07-01). "Large-Area Ordered Quantum-Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting". Advanced Functional Materials. 15 (7): 1117–1124. doi:10.1002/adfm.200400468.
^ Xu, Shicheng; Dadlani, Anup L.; Acharya, Shinjita; Schindler, Peter; Prinz, Fritz B. (2016). "Oscillatory barrier-assisted Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of large-scale quantum dot monolayers". Applied Surface Science. 367: 500–506. Bibcode:2016ApSS..367..500X. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.243.
^ Gorbachev, I. A.; Goryacheva, I. Yu; Glukhovskoy, E. G. (2016-06-01). "Investigation of Multilayers Structures Based on the Langmuir-Blodgett Films of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots". BioNanoScience (jezik: engleski). 6 (2): 153–156. doi:10.1007/s12668-016-0194-0. ISSN 2191-1630.
^ Achermann, Marc; Petruska, Melissa A.; Crooker, Scott A.; Klimov, Victor I. (2003-12-01). "Picosecond Energy Transfer in Quantum Dot Langmuir−Blodgett Nanoassemblies". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 107 (50): 13782–13787. arXiv:cond-mat/0310127. Bibcode:2003cond.mat.10127A. doi:10.1021/jp036497r. ISSN 1520-6106.
^ Achermann, M.; Petruska, M. A.; Smith, D. L.; Koleske, D. D.; Klimov, V. I. (2004). "Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well". Nature. 429 (6992): 642–646. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..642A. doi:10.1038/nature02571. PMID 15190347.

[ashoori1996electrons-1] Ashoori, R. C. (1996). "Electrons in artificial atoms". Nature. 379 (6564): 413–419. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..413A. doi:10.1038/379413a0.

[2] Kastner, M. A. (1993). "Artificial Atoms". Physics Today. 46 (1): 24–31. Bibcode:1993PhT....46a..24K. doi:10.1063/1.881393.

[3] Banin, Uri; Cao, YunWei; Katz, David; Millo, Oded (August 1999). "Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots". Nature (jezik: engleski). 400 (6744): 542–544. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..542B. doi:10.1038/22979. ISSN 1476-4687.

[4] Cui, Jiabin; Panfil, Yossef E.; Koley, Somnath; Shamalia, Doaa; Waiskopf, Nir; Remennik, Sergei; Popov, Inna; Oded, Meirav; Banin, Uri (2019-12-16). "Colloidal quantum dot molecules manifesting quantum coupling at room temperature". Nature Communications (jezik: engleski). 10 (1): 5401. arXiv:1905.06065. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5401C. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13349-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6915722. PMID 31844043.

[Murray2000-5] Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. (2000). "Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies". Annual Review of Materials Research. 30 (1): 545–610. Bibcode:2000AnRMS..30..545M. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.545.

[6] Brus, L.E. (2007). "Chemistry and Physics of Semiconductor Nanocrystals" (PDF). Pristupljeno 7 July 2009.

[7] "Quantum Dots". Nanosys – Quantum Dot Pioneers. Pristupljeno 2015-12-04.

[HuffakerPark1998-8] Huffaker, D. L.; Park, G.; Zou, Z.; Shchekin, O. B.; Deppe, D. G. (1998). "1.3 μm room-temperature GaAs-based quantum-dot laser". Applied Physics Letters. 73 (18): 2564–2566. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.2564H. doi:10.1063/1.122534. ISSN 0003-6951.

[LodahlMahmoodian2015-9] Lodahl, Peter; Mahmoodian, Sahand; Stobbe, Søren (2015). "Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures". Reviews of Modern Physics. 87 (2): 347–400. arXiv:1312.1079. Bibcode:2015RvMP...87..347L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.347. ISSN 0034-6861.

[EisamanFan2011-10] Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.; Polyakov, S. V. (2011). "Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors". Review of Scientific Instruments. 82 (7): 071101–071101–25. Bibcode:2011RScI...82g1101E. doi:10.1063/1.3610677. ISSN 0034-6748. PMID 21806165.

[SenellartSolomon2017-11] Senellart, Pascale; Solomon, Glenn; White, Andrew (2017). "High-performance semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources". Nature Nanotechnology. 12 (11): 1026–1039. Bibcode:2017NatNa..12.1026S. doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.218. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 29109549.

[LossDiVincenzo1998-12] Loss, Daniel; DiVincenzo, David P. (1998). "Quantum computation with quantum dots". Physical Review A. 57 (1): 120–126. arXiv:cond-mat/9701055. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..57..120L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.120. ISSN 1050-2947.

[ReferenceA-13] Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J. M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.; Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S. (2005). "Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics". Science. 307 (5709): 538–44. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..538M. doi:10.1126/science.1104274. PMC 1201471. PMID 15681376.

[14] Wagner, Christian; Green, Matthew F. B.; Leinen, Philipp; Deilmann, Thorsten; Krüger, Peter; Rohlfing, Michael; Temirov, Ruslan; Tautz, F. Stefan (2015-07-06). "Scanning Quantum Dot Microscopy". Physical Review Letters (jezik: engleski). 115 (2): 026101. arXiv:1503.07738. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115b6101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.026101. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 26207484.

[15] Ramírez, H. Y.; Flórez J.; Camacho A. S. (2015). "Efficient control of coulomb enhanced second harmonic generation from excitonic transitions in quantum dot ensembles". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (37): 23938–46. Bibcode:2015PCCP...1723938R. doi:10.1039/C5CP03349G. PMID 26313884.

[16] Coe-Sullivan, S.; Steckel, J. S.; Woo, W.-K.; Bawendi, M. G.; Bulović, V. (2005-07-01). "Large-Area Ordered Quantum-Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting". Advanced Functional Materials. 15 (7): 1117–1124. doi:10.1002/adfm.200400468.

[17] Xu, Shicheng; Dadlani, Anup L.; Acharya, Shinjita; Schindler, Peter; Prinz, Fritz B. (2016). "Oscillatory barrier-assisted Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of large-scale quantum dot monolayers". Applied Surface Science. 367: 500–506. Bibcode:2016ApSS..367..500X. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.243.

[18] Gorbachev, I. A.; Goryacheva, I. Yu; Glukhovskoy, E. G. (2016-06-01). "Investigation of Multilayers Structures Based on the Langmuir-Blodgett Films of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots". BioNanoScience (jezik: engleski). 6 (2): 153–156. doi:10.1007/s12668-016-0194-0. ISSN 2191-1630.

[19] Achermann, Marc; Petruska, Melissa A.; Crooker, Scott A.; Klimov, Victor I. (2003-12-01). "Picosecond Energy Transfer in Quantum Dot Langmuir−Blodgett Nanoassemblies". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 107 (50): 13782–13787. arXiv:cond-mat/0310127. Bibcode:2003cond.mat.10127A. doi:10.1021/jp036497r. ISSN 1520-6106.

[20] Achermann, M.; Petruska, M. A.; Smith, D. L.; Koleske, D. D.; Klimov, V. I. (2004). "Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well". Nature. 429 (6992): 642–646. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..642A. doi:10.1038/nature02571. PMID 15190347.

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