Api

Api adalah oksidasi hancap sabuting bahan di kimia eksotermik dalam proses pambakaran nang malapasakan panas, cahaya, wan bamacam reaksi Produk (kimia).^[1] Api jadi panas maraga kunvirsi ikatan rangkap nang lamah dalam mulikul uksigen (O ₂), ka ikatan nang takuat dalam produk pambakaran, yaitu karbon dioksida wan banyu nang malapasakan energi (418 kJ per 32 g O ₂); energi ikatan bahan bakar mamainakan paran halus haja di sini.^[2]

Pas titik tatantu dalam riaksi pambakaran nang disambat titik panyalaan, pacangan mahasilakan nyala api. Nyala adalah bagian matan api nang kawa diitihi. Api tautama tatdiri matan karbon dioksida, uap banyu, uksigen, wan nitrugen. Amun pina panas, gas kawa terionisasi gasan mahasilakan plasma.^[3] Tagantung lawan substansi nang sangkut wan banda asing diluarnya, warna matan nyala wan kan kanyarakan api pacangan balain.

Ekologi api

Barataan ekosistim alam baisi rezim kabakarannya sorang, wan urganisme nang ada di ekosistim nang ngitu baadaptasi atawa bagantung lawan rezim kabakaran ngitu. Api maulah mosaik tambalan di habitat nang bamacam-macam, barataan ngitu baandak di tingkatan suksesi nang balain.^[4] Bamacam spesies tanaman, binatang, wan mikruba baisi kamampuan mamanfaatakan kaadaan ngitu, wan maulah tambalan (balang di tanah) nang bamacam-macam, api maulah banyak sapisies kawa hidup disapanjang daratan.

Catatan fosil api

catatan fosil api pamulaannya ditamui pas pambantukan daratan nang banyak tumbuhannya di jaman Tangah Ordovisium, 470 miliar tahun nang dahulu,^[5] nang mamungkinakan akumulasi uksigen di atmosfer kada kaya baharinya, maraga garumbulan hanyar tanaman darat mangumpanya kaluar sabagai produk limbah. Imbah konsentrasi ngini naik jadi di atas 13% maka ada kamungkinan timbul tajadi Kabakaran liar.^[6] Kabakaran liar pamulaannya tacatat pas jaman Silur pahabisan, 420 miliar tahun nang dahulu, nang ditamui dalam fosil tanaman nang maalami proses batu arang.^[7]^[8] Talapas matan jarak antara jaman Devonian pahabisan nang kontropersial, batu arang sudah ada mulai jaman ngitu.^[8] Tingkatan atmosfir uksigen kamungkinan mampangaruhi jua lawan prevelansi batu arang. Sahingga uksigen marupakan faktor kunci jadi timbul banyak kabakaran liar.^[9] Api jua pacangan makin babanyak anun inya batamu lawan rumput wan rumput tadi marupakan kumpunin nang banyak dalam bamacam ekosistim pas sakitaran 6 ka 7 miliar tahun nang dahulu;^[10] pambakaran tumbuhan kaya ini kamungkinan mahasilakan rapaian tumbuhan nang mamungkinakan panyabaran api bamakin laju.^[9] Panyabaran api nang ligar ngini kamungkinan marupakan proses umpan bulik positif, dimana buhannya mahasilakan iklim nang talangat kuku wan takaring nang maulah kabakaran nyaman timbul.^[9]

Palindungan wan pancagahan

Program pancagahan kabakaran liar di sabarataan dunia mambada'i mamakai teknik nang kaya pamakaian wan panantuan api di alam liar atawa Kabakaran nang takontrol.^[11]^[12] Pamakaian api di alam liar marujuk ka barataan api nang disababakan alam nang diawasi tapi dibiarakan tabakar. Kabakaran nang takontrol marupakan api nang dinyalakan buhan pamarintahan nang apinya dinyalaakn pas cuaca kada talalu babahaya.^[13]

Layanan Mamadamakan kabakaran tasadia di macam-macam dairah nang bakambang gasan mamadamakam atawa manjinakakan api. Pamadam Kabakaran mamakai Oto pamadam kabakaran, sumber banyu nang kaya baasal matan sistim distribusi banyu wan keran kabakaran atawa mamakai busa kalas A wan kalas B, tagantung apa nang dipakai gasan mamadamakan api

Pancagahan kabakaran batujuan gasan mangurangi timbulnya sumber kabakaran. Pancagahan kabakaran tamasuk malajari bubuhan masyarakat cara mahindari manimbulakan api.^[14] Bangunan nang kaya sakulah atawa gedung nang tinggi kadang manggawi latihan kabakaran gasan mahabari wan manyiapakam masyarakat kaya apa caranya manyalamatakan diri amun tajadi kabakaran di bangunan. Misalnya ada urang nang mambakar gedung sacara sangaja, kalakuan ngini marupakan salah sabuting tindak kriminal di samunyaan dairah.^[15]

Amun pancagahan kabakaran wan palindungan tadi gagal gasan mahindari karusakan, maka asuransi kabakaran kawa mangganti karusakan sacara kauangan.^[16]

Catatan Batis

^ "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2009. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-18.
^ Schmidt-Rohr, K (2015). "Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O₂". J. Chem. Educ. 92 (12): 2094–99.
^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?". About.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-21.
^ Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities, Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
^ Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 717–31; discussion 731–2.
^ Jones, Timothy P.; Chaloner, William G. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 97 (1–2): 39–50.
^ Glasspool, I.J.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology. 32 (5): 381–383.
^ ^a ^b Scott, AC; Glasspool, IJ (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4.
^ Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–90.
^ Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan, 4.
^ "UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain". International Forest Fire News. 18: 80–81. January 1998.
^ "Prescribed Fires". SmokeyBear.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-21.
^ Fire & Life Safety Education, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner Archived Disimbir 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ward, Michael (March 2005). Fire Officer: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763722470. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2019.
^ Baars, Hans; Smulders, Andre; Hintzbergen, Kees; Hintzbergen, Jule (2015-04-15). Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002 (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-3rd revised). Van Haren. ISBN 9789401805414.

[1] "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2009. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-18.

[Schmidt-Rohr_15-2] Schmidt-Rohr, K (2015). "Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O₂". J. Chem. Educ. 92 (12): 2094–99.

[3] Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?". About.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-21.

[4] Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities, Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, US

[Wellman2000-5] Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 717–31; discussion 731–2.

[Jones1991-6] Jones, Timothy P.; Chaloner, William G. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 97 (1–2): 39–50.

[DoiGMissing-7] Glasspool, I.J.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology. 32 (5): 381–383.

[Scott2006-8] Scott, AC; Glasspool, IJ (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5.

[Bowman2009-9] Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4.

[Retallack1997-10] Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–90.

[operations1-11] Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan, 4.

[12] "UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain". International Forest Fire News. 18: 80–81. January 1998.

[13] "Prescribed Fires". SmokeyBear.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-21.

[14] Fire & Life Safety Education, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner Archived Disimbir 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[15] Ward, Michael (March 2005). Fire Officer: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763722470. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2019.

[16] Baars, Hans; Smulders, Andre; Hintzbergen, Kees; Hintzbergen, Jule (2015-04-15). Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002 (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-3rd revised). Van Haren. ISBN 9789401805414.

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