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Royal Navy
Active	1793–1815
Country	United Kingdom
Allegiance	King George III
Branch	Navy
Role	Naval warfare
Engagements	French Revolutionary Wars West Indies campaign War of the First Coalition Invasion of Corsica War of the Second Coalition Mediterranean campaign English Wars First Copenhagen expedition Napoleonic Wars West Indies campaign War of the Third Coalition Trafalgar campaign Invasion of Naples War of the Fourth Coalition Gunboat War Second Copenhagen expedition Peninsular War Baltic campaign War of the Fifth Coalition Walcheren campaign War of the Sixth Coalition War of the Seventh Coalition Neapolitan War
Commanders
First Lord of the Admiralty	The Earl of Chatham (1793-1794) Earl Spencer (1794–1801) The Earl of St Vincent (1801–1804) 1st Viscount Melville (1804–1805) Baron Barham (1805–1806) Viscount Howick (1806) Thomas Grenville 1806–1807) Baron Mulgrave (1807–1810) Charles Philip Yorke (1810–1812) 2nd Viscount Melville (1812–1815)
First Naval Lord	Lord Hood (1793–1795) Sir Charles Middleton (1795) James Gambier (1795–1801, 1804–1806, 1807–1808) Sir Thomas Troubridge (1801–1804) John Markham (1806-1807) Sir Richard Bickerton (1808–1812) William Domett (1812–1813) Sir Joseph Yorke (1813-1815)
Notable commanders	Sir Sidney Smith Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet Thomas, Lord Cochrane Sir James Saumarez

The Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars was instrumental to the success of the Coalition against the First French Empire. Until the Peninsular War, it was the primary weapon of the United Kingdom's war effort against Napoleon, with significant naval victories ensuring British naval and economic supremacy. The Royal Navy ferried allied armies to otherwise inaccessible theatres of war, notably the Armée des Émigrés during the Quiberon campaign and ferried Ottoman armies to where they were needed during the French invasion of Egypt and Syria. The British Army was also ferried to the West Indies for the Caribbean campaign. It also supplied allied armies during their campaigns and provided direct military support during sieges of coastal towns and cities (notably the Siege of Genoa and the Siege of Acre).

Britain's position as the financial backer of the Coalition meant that British naval supremacy was essential to the survival of the Allied war effort, and the British took extensive efforts to maintain it. When Spain allied with France in 1795, this presented a threat to British naval supremacy, and their combined fleets, if amassed near the English Channel, could present a legitimate invasion threat. British naval victories at Cape St. Vincent, Cape Finisterre and Trafalgar neutralised this threat. The creation of the Second League of Armed Neutrality provoked concerns from the British who believed (perhaps rightfully) that French domination of the European mainland would cause the comparatively large navy of Denmark–Norway to fall into French hands, presenting a new naval threat. At the First and Second Battles of Copenhagen, the British seized or destroyed the entire Danish fleet, although Denmark was a neutral country and so these attacks were controversial, both at home and abroad. Even King George III disapproved of the actions taken by own navy. The government and it's supporters in Parliament, including William Wilberforce, defended the actions against Denmark as necessary for British defence. Denmark–Norway allied with France in response to these attacks, but the main threat of the Danish Navy had been neutralised, with the Danish war effort against Britain being carried out via gunboats rather than the more powerful ships of the line which constituted the main threat to Britain. the Treaty of Tilsit, in which the Russian Empire allied with France, also posed a new, but not as serious, naval threat to Britain. The resulting Anglo-Russian War was of a much smaller scale than Britain's wars against Denmark, Spain and France and was mostly limited to minor naval actions and diplomatic incidents. Admiral James Saumarez carried out a campaign in the Baltic in which individual ships of the British Baltic Fleet captured Russian ships to disrupt their war effort against Sweden during the Finnish War. Russia's commitment to the alliance with Napoleon proved lukewarm, and no major battles were directly fought between Britain and Russia during the conflict, although it was planned that the British would ferry a field army under Sir John Moore to fight alongside the Swedes, but disagreements between the British and Swedish governments led to Moore being ordered home.

The myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy is varied and offers a range of pro-Confederate historical perspectives on the American Civil War. Not all of these notions are consistent with each other and adherents to the Lost Cause may believe some and not believe others, depending on preference or biases related to other historical events. The main idea of the Lost Cause is that the Confederacy did not fight to preserve the institution of slavery, but fought for "states rights".

Some of the other outstanding beliefs and ideas of the myth are:

• That the cause of the Confederate States of America was noble, righteous, and comparable to that of the Patriots of the American Revolutionary War.
• That the Confederacy was a sovereign nation fighting for its independence.
• That the planter class of the Antebellum South was a noble caste of society that adhered to a strict code of honour based on chivalry and paternalism. Adherents of this trope claim that the "Southern gentlemen" had inherited this tradition from the nobility of Europe, particularly the Cavaliers of the English Civil War.
• That American slavery was a comparatively benign and benevolent institution.
• That Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant who violated the Constitution of the United States and the civil liberties of Americans on numerous occasions, and that he was not as strongly anti-slavery as often depicted.
• That Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation did not free any slaves in practice, and was purely a political move to placate abolitionists and dissuade Britain or France from intervening in the war.
• That tens of thousands of free black men enlisted in the Confederate army as soldiers and saw frequent action.
• That the Confederate military leadership, especially Generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, were near-flawless military geniuses comparable to Napoleon Bonaparte.
• That Confederate General James Longstreet was a traitor to the South and bore sole responsibility for the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg.
• That the Union Army (especially the part of the army under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman) was guilty of numerous war crimes, including mass rape, looting, murder and the illegal confiscation of Southern property.
• That the Confederate defeat in the war was due to the superior industrial and population capacity of the North, not due to the failures of the Confederate leadership or the competence of the North.
• That Ulysses S. Grant was not a great general, and that he only defeated Lee due to "overwhelming numbers and resources". Grant's high casualty figures in the Overland Campaign, as well as his alcoholism, are often cited as evidence of this.
• That the recruitment of Native Americans such as Stand Watie to the Confederate cause was based entirely on altruism, and that a Confederate victory may have ended the American Indian Wars and led to the creation of an independent state in the Indian Territory.

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was the most prominent British general of the Napoleonic Wars and is considered one of the greatest strategic battlefield commanders in history. Born to a Protestant Irish aristocratic family in Dublin, he began his military career as a junior officer in the Flanders campaign of the War of the First Coalition, seeing action at the Battle of Boxtel. In 1799, he began fighting for the East India Company and played a prominent role in expanding the Company's territory and influence in India, where his brother, the Earl of Mornington, was governor-general. He fought in the Siege of Seringapatam as a colonel, for which he was promoted to lieutenant-general, and then in 1803 led a British and Indian army to an impressive victory over a much larger Maratha force at the Battle of Assaye. It is believed that Wellesley and his brother Later in life, he reflected that Assaye had been his greatest victory, although many in the army viewed him as a product of nepotism.

Upon returning to Great Britain, he saw little action, as the British army remained a small volunteer army which was not required to raise as many men as its continental counterparts. In 1807, he participated as a divisional commander in the Copenhagen expedition and successfully defeated a Danish militia force at the Battle of Køge.

Wellesley returned to command in 1808, being deployed to Portugal to attack the French army under general Jean-Andoche Junot which had invaded and occupied the country. Wellesley made a successful landing at the Battle of Roliça and then defeated Junot's main aemy at the Battle of Vimeiro. Wellesley was soon replaced by Sir Hew Dalrymple, who then offered to repatriated Junot and his army to France in British ships, terms that were deemed overly generous in Britain, and Dalrymple and Wellesley were removed, being replaced by Sir John Moore. In 1809, Wellesley returned to Portugal and commanded an Anglo-Portuguese Army which quickly liberated the country. He remained in the Iberian Peninsula for another five years, leading several campaigns which helped to decisively push Napoleon's army out of Spain, at which point he invaded Southern France in 1814, the first Allied general to do so since 1796. During the campaign in Spain and Portugal, he had defeated some of France's most notable generals including Claude-Victor Perrin, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, Auguste de Marmont and André Masséna, and had also defeated Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, who the former had made King of Spain in 1808. Masséna and Jourdan in particular, would never hold command again after their defeats. He was promoted to Field marshal after a decisive vixtory at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. For his victories, Wellesley was granted several peerages, first as Viscount Wellington in 1809, Then Earl of Wellington in February 1812, Marquess of Wellington in August 1812, then finally Duke of Wellington and Marquess Douro in 1814. He also received the Spanish title of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812 and the Portuguese title of Duke of Victoria in December 1812.

In 1815, Napoleon, having abdicated and been exiled the previous year, returned to France and firmly took back control of the country. Hoping to win an quick victory and negotiate peace from a position of strength, Napoleon attacked the two nearest Allied armies, those of Wellington and his Prussian counterpart, Field marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, stationed in the Netherlands. After a momentary setback at the Battle of Quatre Bras, Wellington and Napoleon met their armies at the Battle of Waterloo. After holding his line against Napoleon's attacks for several hours, the battle ended in an Allied victory when Blücher's Prussians arrived on Napoleon's right flank and Wellington's army repelled a final desperate attack by Napoleon's hitherto undefeated Imperial Guard. Disturbed by the casualty figures from the battle, Wellington subsequently retired from the army and pursued a political career, briefly becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces until his death in 1852.

Wellington is best remembered as a defensive general. Although some of his greatest victories were in offensive battles, he was undoubtedly a master of defensive tactics and strategy. A signature tactic of his was reverse slope defence, in which he would position much of his army behind a gentle slope or ridge to cover them from artillery and conceal his numbers and his movements, exploiting the overconfidence of his enemies. He used this to great effect in the Battle of Salamanca, in which Marshal Marmont, not seeing the size of Wellington's army, assumed he was attempting to retreat, leading to him making a fatal blunder which Wellington then exploited. He also used this tactic at the Battle of Waterloo, keeping his infantry squares out of range of Napoleon's artillery, while countering a poorly executed cavalry charge led by Michel Ney. During the Second Portuguese Campaign, Wellington conducted a defensive scorched earth strategy which starved the army of Marshal André Masséna as it pushed through the country, while Wellington pulled back to an exceptionally strong defensive position at the Lines of Torres Vedras, triggering a standoff which spelled the failure of Masséna's campaign and forced him into a costly retreat. This strategy of applying scorched earth tactics to one's own territory to keep the enemy from living off the land was later replicated on a much larger scale by the Russians during the French invasion of Russia the next year.

Wellington was the first of the Coalition generals to successfully command a large, multinational army. His army in the Peninsular War was made up of British, Portuguese, Spanish, German and even some Dutch troops. Commanding an army from this many countries posed a challenge, as not all countries involved in the coalition had the same interests. The Spanish in particular were difficult to work with, as they were highly sceptical of British motives. There were some generals, such as Joaquín Blake and Juan O'Donojú, who had Irish ancestry, and were naturally untrusting of the British. Wellington did receive considerable support from Spanish Guerrillas, who harassed the French in the countryside and provided vital intelligence to Wellington's armies. This also lessened Wellington's need to rely on cavalry for reconnaissance. Wellington would again command a large multinational army in the Waterloo campaign, many of whom were inexperienced and many had also fought on Napoleon's side during the previous wars. In order to ensure that his diverse armies would cooperate, Wellington imposed strict standards of discipline, punishing looters with flogging, although he did not always carry these punishments out if the army was experiencing particular difficulty. Even so, it was difficult for Wellington to maintain this standard, as looting among the rank and file proved a persistent problem in his campaigns. Wellington's harsh discipline policy meant that he was respected, rather than loved, by his men.

Wellington held a five-star rank in the armies of eight European countries:

•  Portugal (Marshal-general) Awarded 6 July 1809
•  Spain (Captain-general) Awarded 8 August 1809
•  United Kingdom (Field marshal) Awarded 21 June 1813
•  Hanover (Field marshal) Awarded 21 June 1813
•  Netherlands (Field marshal) Awarded 7 May 1815
•  Prussia (Field marshal) Awarded 15 November 1818
•  Austria (Field marshal) Awarded 15 November 1818
•  Russia (Field marshal) Awarded 15 November 1818

The last three of these were never used in an official capacity, as Wellington had just removed his armies from occupied France.

A large part of the reason for Austrian mobilisation against France was the outbreak of the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal the previous year, in which the French had suffered defeats at Bailén, Vimeiro and Zaragoza. The Austrians believed the war in Iberia would weaken the French Imperial Army, keeping French troops tied down and unable to defend against an Austrian offensive, while stories of Spanish resistance to French occupation had galvanized the anti-French spirit in the rest of Europe. Although Napoleon had intervened personally in Spain towards the end of 1808 and inflicted devastating defeats on the Spanish at Tudela and Somosierra, he had failed to end the conflict decisively before returning to France. Although the events of the Peninsular War are not directly related to the War of the Fifth Coalition, important moments did overlap with it.

By May of 1809, an Anglo-Portuguese Army under Sir Arthur Wellesley had amassed in Portugal, and quickly liberated the country after defeating Marshal Soult at the Second Battle of Porto. Wellesley then focused his attention on Spain, coordinating with a Spanish army under general Gregorio García de la Cuesta and defeating an army led by Marshal Victor and King Joseph at the Battle of Talavera, for which Wellesley received a peerage and became Viscount Wellington. Despite the victory, Wellington's relations with his Spanish counterparts remained difficult, and he was eventually forced to retreat back to Portugal when he came under threat of being encircled by Marshal Soult. The French defeat at Talavera was followed by a victory over Francisco Javier Venegas' army at the Battle of Almonacid. Elsewhere in Spain, Girona was under siege, and would eventually be taken in December. The Spanish attempted to follow up on the victory at Talavera with a two-pronged march on Madrid, but received no support from Wellington, due to previous lack of cooperation from the Spanish during the Talavera campaign. The southernmost of the Spanish forces, led by Juan Carlos Aréizaga, was decisively defeated by Soult at the Battle of Ocaña in November, after the war in Austria had ended.

The Army of the North was a major field army of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon. It was commanded by Charles John, the French-born Crown Prince of Sweden and former Marshal of the French Empire. Under Charles John's command, alongside the regular Swedish Army, was the Prussian III Corps commanded by General Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow, a Russian corps under the command of General Ferdinand von Wintzingerode and the 200 strong British Rocket Brigade, commanded by Captain Richard Bogue. It fielded about 100,000 men, and its actions were centred in the north of Germany.

It was one of four major field armies that was part of the German campaign of 1813. Charles John was a notable advocate of the Trachenberg Plan, in which the allies agreed not to attack Napoleon directly and focused instead on his Marshals and other corps commanders. Under Charles John's leadership, the Army of the North defeated the French corps under Marshals Michel Ney and Nicolas Oudinot at the Battle of Dennewitz and the Battle of Großbeeren respectively. It also took part in the Battle of Leipzig, arriving on the second day of the battle, although Charles John was heavily criticized for not arriving sooner. It has been speculated that he was apprehensive about fighting Napoleon, his own former commander, in direct combat, and so deliberately delayed his arrival at Leipzig. One of the most notable moments of the battle involved the Army of the North, when Saxon troops (whom Charles John had previously commanded during his service with Napoleon) defected to the Allies in the middle of the battle.

After the German campaign, Charles John largely broke from the rest of the Allied armies and took no part in the Campaign in north-east France. Instead, the Army of the North focused its efforts on the Dano-Swedish War, attacking Denmark and negotiating the surrender of Norway to the Swedish Crown.

War of the First Coalition
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
Left to right, top to bottom: Battle of Valmy, Battle of Jemmapes, Siege of Toulon, Battle of Arcole, Battle of Rivoli, Battle of Cape St. Vincent
Location Europe, West Indies, North Atlantic Result French Republican victory Coalition members make seperate peaces with France Sardinia: Treaty of Paris The Papal States: Treaty of Tolentino Habsburg monarchy: Treaty of Campo Formio Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel: Peace of Basel Royalist counterrevolutions supressed Great Britain remains at war with France Territorial changes France annexes the Austrian Netherlands, Savoy and the Left Bank of the Rhine French sister republics established: Batavian Republic Cisalpine Republic Ligurian Republic Republic of Florence dissolved
Belligerents
Habsburg monarchy  Holy Roman Empire  Hanover Hesse-Kassel Württemberg Baden Austria Habsburg Netherlands  Prussia  Great Britain (from 1793) Corsica (1794–1796) French Rebels Royalists Armée des Émigrés Catholic and Royal Armies Federalists  Dutch Republic (1793–1795) Spain (1793–1795)  Sardinia (until 1796)  Portugal (from 1793)  Naples (until 1796)  Papal States	Kingdom of France (until September 1792) French Republic (From September 1792)  Batavian Republic (from 1795) Spain (from 1795)
Commanders and leaders
Francis II Archduke Charles Prince Josias Johann Peter Beaulieu József Alvinczi Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser Frederick William II Duke of Brunswick George III William Pitt Duke of York David Dundas Lord Howe Lord Hood John Jervis Horatio Nelson Comte de Provence Duc d'Artois Louis Joseph de Bourbon Jacques Cathelineau † Maurice d'Elbée  Henri de la Rochejaquelein † William V of Orange Prince William Charles IV (1793–1795) Prince John Victor Amadeus III Pius VI Michelangelo da Vigevano	Louis XVI [1 1] Maximilien Robespierre  Paul Barras Napoleon Bonaparte Jean François Carteaux Comte de Custine  Jacques François Dugommier † Charles François Dumouriez Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean Victor Moreau Charles IV (from 1795) José de Córdoba y Ramos
^ King Louis became a constitutional monarch in the early years of the French Revolution and was forced to appear to support the revolution, even if he personally did not. He faced persistent accusations of treason and anti-revolutionary behaviour, ultimately leading to his deposition in September 1792, and his execution in January 1793.

War of the Second Coalition
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
Left to right, top to bottom: Battle of the Pyramids, Battle of the Nile, Battle of Marengo, Battle of Hohenlinden
Location Europe, North Africa, West Asia Result French Victory Habsburg monarchy signs the Treaty of Lunéville United Kingdom signs the Treaty of Amiens Territorial changes France retains territorial gains from the War of the First Coalition France gains the Louisiana Territory Helvetic Republic established Russia establishes the Septinsular Republic Irish Republic dissolved Acts of Union dissolve the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland and create the United Kingdom
Belligerents
Great Britain (until 1801)  Ireland  United Kingdom (from 1801)  Ottoman Empire Egypt Syria  Habsburg monarchy Austria  Russia (until 1800)  Naples  Sicily  Portugal  Sardinia	France  Batavian Republic Cisalpine Republic  Helvetic Republic  Irish Republic Ligurian Republic Parthenopaean Republic  Spain
Commanders and leaders
George III William Pitt Henry Addington Duke of York Ralph Abercromby † Horatio Nelson Sydney Smith Selim III Jezzar Pasha Murad Bey Ibrahim Bey Mustafa Pasha (POW) Francis II Archduke Charles Michael von Melas Paul I Alexander Suvorov # Alexander Korsakov Johann von Fersen Fyodor Ushakov Ferdinand IV	Paul Barras[2 1] Napoleon Bonaparte[2 2] Louis-Alexandre Berthier Guillaume Brune Louis Desaix † Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (POW) Barthélemy Joubert † Jean-Baptiste Kléber X Jean Lannes Jacques MacDonald André Masséna Jacques-François Menou  Jean Victor Moreau Joachim Murat François-Paul Brueys † Charles IV Manuel Godoy
^ Leader of the Directory until the Coup of 18 Brumaire. ^ Commander of the Armée d'Orient until 1799. First Consul of France following the Coup of 18 Brumaire later that year.

War of the Third Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Left to Right, Top to Bottom: Battle of Ulm, Battle of Trafalgar, Battle of Austerlitz
Date 18 May 1803/11 April 1805[3 1] – 18 July 1806 Location Europe Result Franco-Spanish victory Austria signs Peace of Pressburg Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine Russia and Britain remain at war with France Britain retains naval supremacy Territorial changes Swabia ceded to Württemberg and Baden Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Augsburg ceded to Bavaria Venetia, Istria and Dalmatia ceded to Italy Creation of the Principality of Lucca and Piombino Salzburg and Würzburg ceded to Austria as compensation France occupies Naples and establishes it as a French client state
Belligerents
United Kingdom  Austria  Russia  Naples  Sicily  Sweden  Hanover	France  Batavian Republic  Italy  Kingdom of Etruria  Spain  Bavaria Baden
Commanders and leaders
George III Henry Addington William Pitt # William Grenville Horatio Nelson † Cuthbert Collingwood Robert Calder Francis I Archduke Charles Karl Mack von Leiberich Franz von Weyrother Alexander I Mikhail Kutusov Pyotr Bagration Ferdinand IV & III Gustav IV Adolf	Napoleon I Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Jean-Baptiste Bessières Louis-Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes André Masséna Joachim Murat Jean-de-Dieu Soult Pierre-Charles Villeneuve (POW) Maximilian I Joseph Karl Philipp von Wrede Charles IV Federico Gravina (DOW)
^ The war was declared between the United Kingdom and France in 1803, but Sweden did not join the war until 1804, and Russia and Austria did not join the war until 1805.

War of the Fourth Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Date 9 October 1806 – 9 July 1807 Location Central and Eastern Europe
Belligerents
Prussia  Russia  United Kingdom (naval support)  Sweden	France Etruria Holland  Italy Naples Saxony (from 11 Dec 1806) Switzerland Spain
Commanders and leaders
Frederick William III Duke of Brunswick † Gebhard von Blücher Alexander I Levin von Bennigsen George III William Grenville Duke of Portland

Peninsular War
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Left to Right, Top to Bottom: Dos de Mayo Uprising, Battle of Bailén, Battle of Somosierra, Battle of Corunna, Battle of Salamanca, Battle of Vitoria
Date 27 October 1807/2 May 1808[P 1] – 17 April 1814[P 2] Location Iberian Peninsula Result Coalition victory Deposition of Joseph I and restoration of Ferdinand VII to the Spanish Throne Spanish American Wars of Independence break out in South America Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil until 1821 Approximately half a million Spanish dead
Belligerents
Portugal Spain (from May 1808)  United Kingdom  Sicily	France  Napoleonic Spain Duchy of Warsaw  Italy Holland Confederation of the Rhine Spain (until May 1808)
Commanders and leaders
Prince John Bernardim de Andrade Francisco da Silveira Luís do Rego Ferdinand VII[P 3] Francisco Javier Castaños Joaquín Blake José de Palafox Gregorio García de la Cuesta Juan Martín Díez Francisco Espoz y Mina George III George, Prince Regent Duke of Portland Spencer Perceval X Earl of Liverpool Lord Wellington[P 4] John Moore † William Beresford Rowland Hill Thomas Graham	Napoleon I Charles IV Joseph I Mariano de Urquijo Pierre Augereau Jean-Baptiste Bessières Bertrand Clauzel Pierre Dupont Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jean-Andoche Junot Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Jeannot de Money Édouard Mortier Joachim Murat Michel Ney Laurent Saint-Cyr Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Claude-Victor Perrin
^ It is disputed whether the Peninsular War began with the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1807 or with the Dos de Mayo Uprising in 1808. ^ Napoleon made peace with Spain in 1813 under the Treaty of Valençay on 8 December 1813, but Wellington continued to lead the Anglo-Portuguese Army in southern France until Napoleon made peace with the rest of the Coalition under the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 11 April 1814. Fighting continued in southern France until April 17, when Wellington and Soult finally received news of the French surrender. ^ Ferdinand was recognised as King by the Spanish rebels, but was effectively imprisoned in Bayonne until 1813. ^ Wellington's title changed a number of times during his tenure in the Peninsula. He was simply Arthur Wellesley at the start of the war, then he was made Viscount Wellington after the Battle of Talavera in 1809, then Earl of Wellington after the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812, then Marquess of Wellington after the Battle of Salamanca later that year. He was not made Duke of Wellington until after the end of the war in 1814. He also held the Spanish title of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo and the Portuguese title of Duke of Victoria from 1812.

War of the Fifth Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Left to right, top to bottom: Battle of Eckmühl, Battle of Ratisbon, Battle of Aspern-Essling, Battle of Wagram
Location Germany, Austria, The Netherlands
Belligerents
Austria  United Kingdom  Portugal[5 1] Spain[5 1] Tyrol[5 2] Gottscheers[5 3]	France Confederation of the Rhine  Baden  Bavaria  Saxony  Westphalia  Württemberg Duchy of Warsaw  Italy Naples Holland  Napoleonic Spain[5 1]  Russia
Commanders and leaders
Francis I Archduke Charles Archduke John Archduke Ferdinand Johann von Hiller Prince Friedrich Hohenzollern Johann I Joseph of Liechtenstein George III Duke of Portland Spencer Perceval Earl of Chatham Thomas Cochrane Viscount Wellington[5 1] Andreas Hofer  Johann Erker	Napoleon I Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Jean-Baptiste Bessieres Jean Lannes † Jacques MacDonald André Masséna Maximilian I Joseph Karl Philipp von Wrede Frederick Augustus I Józef Poniatowski Eugène de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Joseph I[5 1] Alexander I
^ a b c d e Fought in the Peninsular War, which was happening at the same time, although it was not directly related to the events in Austria. ^ See Tyrolean Rebellion. ^ See 1809 Gottscheer rebellion.

French Invasion of Russia
Location Russian Empire Result Russian victory
Belligerents
Russia  United Kingdom (naval support)	France  Italy Duchy of Warsaw Naples Confederation of the Rhine  Baden  Bavaria  Saxony  Westphalia  Württemberg  Austria  Prussia
Commanders and leaders
Alexander I Barclay de Tolly Pyotr Bagration † Levin von Bennigsen Mikhail Kutusov Mikhail Miloradovich Alexander Tormasov Peter Wittgenstein	Napoleon I Pierre Augereau Eugène de Beauharnais Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jérôme Bonaparte Louis-Nicolas Davout Jean-Andoche Junot Michel Ney Jacques MacDonald Joachim Murat Nicolas Oudinot Jean Reynier Laurent Saint-Cyr Karl von Scwarzenberg Claude Victor-Perrin Ludwig Yorck

War of the Sixth Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Left to Right, Top to Bottom: Battle of Dresden, Battle of the Katzbach, Battle of Leipzig, Battle of Laon, Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, Battle of Paris
Date 24 December 1812 – 30 May 1814 Location Europe Result Coalition Victory First Abdication of Napoleon Exile of Napoleon to Elba Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy in France Congress of Vienna begins Territorial changes Duchy of Warsaw dissolved Kingdom of Italy dissolved Confederation of the Rhine dissolved Kingdom of Westphalia dissolved Restoration of Hanover as a kingdom Remaining German states granted independence French annexation of the Netherlands reversed; creation of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands Norway is ceded to the Swedish Crown
Belligerents
Russia  Austria (from 1813)  United Kingdom  Prussia  Sweden Spain  Portugal  Sicily  Sardinia  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Bavaria (from 1813)  Baden (from 1813)  Saxony (from 1813)  Württemberg (from 1813)  Netherlands (from 1813) Denmark (from 1814)	France Naples Duchy of Warsaw  Italy  Napoleonic Spain Confederation of the Rhine (until 1813)  Baden  Bavaria  Saxony  Westphalia  Württemberg  Denmark–Norway
Commanders and leaders
Alexander I[6 1] Levin von Bennigsen[6 2] Peter Wittgenstein Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Miloradovich Francis I Karl von Schwarzenberg[6 3] George, Prince Regent Earl of Liverpool Marquess of Wellington[6 4] Frederick William III Gebhard von Blücher[6 5] Ludwig Yorck Charles John[6 6] Ferdinand VII Prince John Maximilian I Joseph (from 1813) Karl Philipp von Wrede Frederick Augustus I (from 1813) William I	Napoleon I [6 7] Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessieres † Louis-Nicolas Davout Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jacques MacDonald Auguste de Marmont Michel Ney Nicolas Oudinot Jean-de-Dieu Soult[6 8] Louis-Gabriel Suchet Dominique Vandamme Eugène de Beauharnais[6 9] Joachim-Napoleon I Joseph I[6 10] Maximilian I Joseph (until 1813) Frederick Augustus I (until 1813) Józef Poniatowski † Jérôme I Frederick VI
^ Emperor of Russia. Supreme Commander of the Coalition armies. ^ Commander of the Army of Poland. ^ Commander of the Army of Bohemia. Commander-in-Chief of the Coalition armies in the German campaign and the campaign in north-east France. ^ Commander of the Anglo-Portuguese Army. Commander-in-Chief of the Coalition armies in the Peninsular campaign and the campaign in south-west France. ^ Commander of the Army of Silesia. ^ Crown Prince of Sweden. Commander of the Army of the North. ^ Emperor of the French. Supreme Commander of the French Imperial Army, including the Grande Armée. Commander-in-Chief of French Imperial forces in the German campaign and the campaign in north-east France. ^ Commander-in-Chief of French forces in the Peninsular campaign from June 1813, and the campaign in south-west France in 1814. ^ Viceroy of Italy. Commander of the Army of Italy and de facto Commander-in-Chief of French forces in Northern Italy. ^ King of Napoleonic Spain. Commander-in-Chief of French forces in the Peninsular campaign until June 1813.

War of the Seventh Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Left to Right, Top to Bottom: Battle of Quatre Bras, Battle of Ligny, Battle of Waterloo
Date 13 March 1815 – 8 July 1815 Location Europe Result Coalition victory Second Abdication of Napoleon Second Bourbon Restoration Napoleon exiled to St.Helena Overthrow of Joachim Murat and restoration of Ferdinand IV to the throne of Naples Congress of Vienna continues
Belligerents
United Kingdom  Prussia  Austria  Russia[7 1] Spain[7 2]  Portugal[7 2]  Sweden[7 2]  Bourbon Restoration[7 3]  Netherlands  Hanover  Brunswick  Nassau  Bavaria[7 1]  Württemberg[7 1]  Saxony[7 1]  Tuscany Switzerland[7 1] Denmark[7 2]	France Naples
Commanders and leaders
George, Prince Regent Earl of Liverpool Duke of Wellington Earl of Uxbridge Rowland Hill Frederick Maitland Frederick William III Gebhard von Blücher August von Gneisenau Johann von Thielmann Friedrich von Bülow Francis I Karl von Schwarzenberg Archduke Charles Johann Frimont Frederick Bianchi Alexander I Barclay de Tolly Louis XVIII William I William, Prince of Orange Niklaus Franz von Bachmann	Napoleon I  Jérôme Bonaparte Guillaume Brune X Louis-Nicolas Davout Emmanuel de Grouchy Michel Ney  Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Joachim Murat
^ a b c d e Participated only in the minor campaigns. ^ a b c d Declared war, but did not contribute troops to the Coalition; or did contribute troops, but did not see enough action to be considered significant. ^ Effectively dissolved after Napoleon's return to power, but recognised by the Coalition as the legitimate government of France.

World War I
Location The World
Belligerents
Allied Powers  France  United Kingdom and British Empire  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  Newfoundland  South Africa  India  Russia (until 1917)  Serbia  Belgium  Italy (from 1915)  Japan  United States (from 1917)	Central Powers  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (from 1915)
Commanders and leaders
Raymond Poincaré Prime Ministers René Viviani Aristide Briand Paul Painlevé Georges Clemenceau George V Prime Ministers Herbert Asquith David Lloyd George Robert Borden Joseph Cook Andrew Fisher Billy Hughes William Massey Edward Morris Louis Botha Nicholas II[W1 1] Prime Ministers Ivan Goremykin Boris Shturmer Alexander Trepov Nikolai Golitsyn Peter I Prime Ministers Nikola Pašić Albert I Prime Ministers Charles de Broqueville Gérard Cooreman Victor Emmanuel III Prime Ministers Antonio Salandra Paolo Boselli Vittorio Orlando Yoshihito Prime Ministers Ōkuma Shigenobu Terauchi Masatake Woodrow Wilson	Wilhelm II Chancellors Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Max von Baden Franz Joseph I Charles I Heads of Government[W1 2] Karl von Stürgkh Ernest von Koerber Heinrich Clam-Martinic Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg Max Hussarek von Heinlein István Tisza Sándor Wekerle Mehmed V Mehmed VI Grand Viziers Said Halim Pasha Talaat Pasha Ferdinand I Prime Ministers Vasil Radoslavov Aleksandar Malinov
^ Abdicated in February 1917. The Russian Provisional Government continued the war effort until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October, who made a separate peace with Germany. ^ Minister-Presidents of Austria and Prime Ministers of Hungary

World War II
Location The World
Belligerents
Allied Powers The "Big Four"  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  Newfoundland  South Africa  India  China Nationalists Communists  Soviet Union (From 1941)  Russian SFSR  Ukrainian SSR  Byelorussian SSR  Uzbek SSR  Kazakh SSR  Georgian SSR  Azerbaijan SSR  Lithuanian SSR  Moldavian SSR  Latvian SSR  Kirghiz SSR  Tajik SSR  Armenian SSR  Turkmen SSR  Estonian SSR  United States (From 1941)  Philippines Allies before 1940  Belgium  Denmark  France  Luxembourg  Netherlands  Norway  Poland Allies after 1940  Free France  Greece Allies after 1941  Costa Rica  Cuba Dominican Republic  El Salvador  Haiti  Honduras  Nicaragua  Panama  Yugoslavia Allies after 1942  Brazil  Ethiopia  Mexico  Guatemala Allies after 1943 Bolivia  Colombia  Iran  Iraq  Italy Allies after 1944  Bulgaria  Finland  Hungary  Liberia  Romania Allies in 1945  Ecuador  Paraguay  Peru  Uruguay  Venezuela  Turkey  Egypt  Syria  Lebanon  Saudi Arabia  Argentina Chile  Mongolia	Axis Powers Main Axis Powers  Germany  Slovakia  Bohemia and Moravia  Croatia  Vichy France (from 1940)  Serbia Lokot Autonomy Belarus Italy (From 1943)  Albania (from 1943)  Hellenic State (from 1943)  Italy (Until 1943)  Albania  Hellenic State  Japan  Manchukuo  Mengjiang  China  Burma  Philippines  Azad Hind Vietnam Kampuchea Luang Prabang Other Axis Powers  Iraq (1941)  Hungary (Until 1944)  Romania (Until 1944) Bulgaria (Until 1944)  Finland (Until 1944) Thailand
Commanders and leaders
George VI Prime Ministers Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill Clement Atlee William Lyon Mackenzie King Robert Menzies Arthur Fadden John Curtin Frank Forde Ben Chifley Michael Joseph Savage Peter Fraser Jan Smuts Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry Truman	Adolf Hitler Victor Emmanuel III Benito Mussolini Hirohito Prime Ministers Fumimaro Konoe Kiichirō Hiranuma Nobuyuki Abe Mistumasa Yonai Hideki Tōjō Kuniaki Koiso Kantarō Suzuki

Cold War
Location Global
Belligerents
United States Other Western Bloc countries  United Kingdom  France[C 1]  West Germany  South Korea  South Vietnam and others...	Soviet Union Other Eastern Bloc countries  China[C 2]  Poland  East Germany  North Korea  North Vietnam and others
Commanders and leaders
Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy X Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush	Joseph Stalin Nikita Krushchev Leonid Brezhnev # Yuri Andropov # Konstantin Chernenko # Mikhail Gorbachev
^ French Fourth Republic before 4 October 1958. French Fifth Republic from 4 October 1958. ^ until 1961 (see Sino-Soviet Split)

Second Cold War
Location Global
Belligerents
NATO members  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  France  Germany  Poland  Denmark  Norway  Sweden  Finland Others  Australia  Ukraine  Israel  Taiwan  South Korea	CSTO members  Russia  Belarus  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Tajikistan  Serbia Others  China  Iran  North Korea
Commanders and leaders
Donald Trump Charles III[W 1] Kier Starmer Justin Trudeau Emmanuel Macron Frank-Walter Steinmeier Olaf Scholz Andrzej Duda Donald Tusk Anthony Albanese Volodymyr Zelenskyy Benjamin Netanyahu Lai Ching-te Choi Sang-mok	Vladimir Putin Alexander Lukashenko Xi Jingping Ali Khameini Masoud Pezeshkian Kim Jong Un
^ King of the United Kingdom as well as King of Canada and King of Australia (see Commonwealth Realm).