Каста

Каста је унутар себе затворена друштвена скупина заснована на породичном наслеђу и строгој хијерархији моћи и утицаја. Кастинска организација друштва још увек делом егзистира на индијском потконтиненту. Каста је облик друштвене стратификације коју карактерише ендогамија, наследни пренос стила живота који често укључује занимање, ритуални статус у хијерархији и уобичајену друштвену интеракцију и искљученост засновану на културним схватањима чистоће и загађења.^[1]^[2]^[3] Њен парадигматски етнографски пример је подела индијског хиндуистичког друштва на круте друштвене групе, са коренима у древној историји Индије и постојаним до данас.^[1]^[4] Међутим, економски значај кастинског система у Индији опада као резултат урбанизације и програма афирмативних акција. Као предмет знатног проучавања социолога и антрополога, хиндуистички кастни систем понекад се користи као аналогна основа за проучавање друштвених подела сличних кастама које постоје изван хиндуизма и Индије. Израз „каста” такође се примењује на морфолошке групе код еусоцијалних инсеката као што су мрави, пчеле и термити.^[5]

Етимологија

The English word "caste" (/kɑːst, kæst/) derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta, which, according to the John Minsheu's Spanish dictionary (1569), means "race, lineage, tribe or breed".^[6] When the Spanish colonised the New World, they used the word to mean a "clan or lineage". It was, however, the Portuguese who first employed casta in the primary modern sense of the English word 'caste' when they applied it to the thousands of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498.^[6]^[7] The use of the spelling "caste", with this latter meaning, is first attested in English in 1613.^[6]

Опис

Подела индијског друштва на касте или варне, чије етимолошко значење се односи на боју коже, потиче од индоевропског народа, старих Аријеваца. Иако се кастински систем у Индији мењао у историјско - политичким превратима, древни систем веровања да су сви људи рођени неједнаки, јачи је и од савременог закона и индијског устава, који забрањује кастинску дискриминацију и укида недодирљивост. Међутим, хиндуизам, који је религија око 80 одсто индијског становништва, и даље утиче на свакодневни живот, а већина људи се и даље управља крутом хијерархијом и друштвеним кодексима, који су наслеђени из давних браманских времена.

Подела

На врху кастинског поретка у Индији налазили су се брамани, сталеж свештеника и учитеља, који је имао највећи углед. Они су били задужени за тумачење верских текстова и вођење обреда, а високо образовање им је омогућавало бављење законодавним и правосудним пословима и подучавањем. Ратници и племство, чине другу касту, кшатрије. Они представљају световну моћ, а њихов задатак је да владају и штите земљу од непријатеља. Трећу касту чини слободно аријевско производно становништво, насељеници који су остали чисте расе, вајшије. То су обично трговци, земљорадници и одгајивачи стоке, који су снабдевали остале касте основним животним намирницама. Четврту касту су чинили неаријевци, шудре. Она се састојала од поробљеног, тамнопутог дравидског популације и социјално одбачених аријеваца, који су се помешали са потлаченим староседеоцима. Пошто су били без поседа обављали су најтеже физичке послове као, надничари, слуге и поданици 3 горње касте. Парије, "недодирљиви" (од парија су потекли Цигани који имају исту етимологију као и статус недодирљиве касте), били су потпуно избачени из кастинског поретка и сматрани су недостојним живота у заједници због послова које су обављали. И данас су парије осуђене на најтеже и такозване "нечисте" послове у складу са њиховим циганством, који се преносе са генерације на генерацију, а предрасуде одређују њихове животе, нарочито у руралним подручјима где живи скоро три четвртине индијског становништва.

Референце

^ ^а ^б
- Lagasse, Paul, ур. (2007), „Caste”, The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14446-9, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012 Quote: "caste [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."
- Madan, T. N.; Editors (2012), caste, Encyclopæida Britannica Online Quote: "caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."
- Gupta, Dipankar (2008), „Caste”, Ур.: Schaefer, Richard T., Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE, стр. 246—250, ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012 Quote: "Caste: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."
- Béteille 2002, стр. 136–137. Quote: "Caste: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."
- Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), „Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)”, A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, стр. 194—195, ISBN 978-0-202-30878-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012 Quote:"Castes A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."
- „caste, n.”, Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989, Приступљено 5. 8. 2019 ) Quote: "caste, n. 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... This is now the leading sense, which influences all others."
^ Scott & Marshall 2005, стр. 66.
^ Winthrop 1991, стр. 27–30.
^ Béteille 2002, стр. 66.
^ Wilson, E. O. (1979). „The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 123 (4): 204—210. JSTOR 986579.
^ ^а ^б ^в „caste”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd изд.). Oxford University Press. септембар 2005. (Потребна је претплата или чланска картица јавне библиотеке УК.)
^ Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1971), „On the word 'caste'”, Ур.: T O Beidelman, The translation of culture essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard, London, UK: Tavistock, стр. 231—256, GGKEY:EC3ZBGF5QC9

Литература

Овај чланак или његов део изворно је преузет из Речника социјалног рада Ивана Видановића уз одобрење аутора.
Béteille, André (2002), „Caste”, Ур.: Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan, Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New York; London: Routledge, стр. 136—137, ISBN 978-0-415-28558-2
Doniger, Wendy, ур. (1999), „Caste”, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, стр. 186, ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012
Gupta, Dipankar (2008), „Caste”, Ур.: Schaefer, Richard T., Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Thousand Oaks: Sage, стр. 246—250, ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012
Lagasse, Paul, ур. (2007), „Caste”, The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14446-9, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012
Madan, T. N.; Editors (2012), caste, Encyclopæida Britannica Online
Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), „Castes (part of Social Stratification)”, A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, стр. 194—195, ISBN 978-0-202-30878-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012
Morris, Mike (2012), „caste”, Concise Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, стр. 33, ISBN 978-1-4443-3209-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012
Nagar, Richa (2011), „caste”, Ур.: Derek Gregory, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, Sarah Whatmore, John Wiley & Sons, стр. 72, ISBN 978-1-4443-5995-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012
Oxford English Dictionary („caste, n.”, Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012 ) Quote: caste, n. 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.
Parry, Jonathan (2003), „Caste”, Ур.: Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica, Social Science Encyclopedia, London and New York: Routledge, стр. 131, ISBN 978-0-415-28560-5
Pavri, Firooza (2004), „Caste”, Ур.: Tim Forsyth, Encyclopedia of International Development, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, стр. 63–, ISBN 978-0-415-25342-0
Ramu, G. N. (2008), „Caste”, Ур.: William A. Darity, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, ISBN 978-0-02-865967-1, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012
Roberts, Nathaniel P. (2008), „Anthropology of Caste”, Ур.: William A. Darity, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Macmillan social science library, Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, ISBN 978-0-02-865967-1, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012
Salamone, Frank A. (1997), „Caste”, Ур.: Rodriguez, Junius P., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1, Santa Barbara, CA; Oxford, UK: ABC-CLIO, стр. 133, ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012
Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2005), „caste”, A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, стр. 66, ISBN 978-0-19-860987-2, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012
Sonnad, Subhash R. (2003), „Caste”, Ур.: Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David, Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, стр. 115—121, ISBN 978-0-7619-2598-9, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012
Sooryamoorthi, Radhamany (2006), „Caste Systems”, Ур.: Leonard, Thomas M., Encyclopedia of the Developing World, New York: Routledge, стр. 252—, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012
Winthrop, Robert H. (1991), Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology, ABC-CLIO, стр. 27—30, ISBN 978-0-313-24280-9, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012
Spectres of Agrarian Territory by David Ludden 11 December 2001
"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", pp. 467–492 in Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David G. Mandelbaum, Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, 1987.

Спољашње везе

Casteless
Auguste Comte on why and how castes developed across the world – in The Positive Philosophy, Volume 3 (see page 55 onwards) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (7. јул 2012)
Robert Merton on Caste and The Sociology of Science
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age – Susan Bayly
Class In Yemen by Marguerite Abadjian (Archive of the Baltimore Sun)
International Dalit Solidarity Network: An international advocacy group for Dalits

[caste-lead-1] а ^б
Lagasse, Paul, ур. (2007), „Caste”, The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14446-9, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012 Quote: "caste [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."

Madan, T. N.; Editors (2012), caste, Encyclopæida Britannica Online Quote: "caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."

Gupta, Dipankar (2008), „Caste”, Ур.: Schaefer, Richard T., Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE, стр. 246—250, ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012 Quote: "Caste: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."

Béteille 2002, стр. 136–137. Quote: "Caste: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."

Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), „Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)”, A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, стр. 194—195, ISBN 978-0-202-30878-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012 Quote:"Castes A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."

„caste, n.”, Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989, Приступљено 5. 8. 2019 ) Quote: "caste, n. 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... This is now the leading sense, which influences all others."

[2] Lagasse, Paul, ур. (2007), „Caste”, The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14446-9, Приступљено 24. 9. 2012 Quote: "caste [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."

[3] Madan, T. N.; Editors (2012), caste, Encyclopæida Britannica Online Quote: "caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."

[4] Gupta, Dipankar (2008), „Caste”, Ур.: Schaefer, Richard T., Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE, стр. 246—250, ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2, Приступљено 5. 8. 2012 Quote: "Caste: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."

[5] Béteille 2002, стр. 136–137. Quote: "Caste: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."

[6] Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), „Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)”, A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, стр. 194—195, ISBN 978-0-202-30878-4, Приступљено 10. 8. 2012 Quote:"Castes A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."

[7] „caste, n.”, Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989, Приступљено 5. 8. 2019 ) Quote: "caste, n. 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... This is now the leading sense, which influences all others."

[FOOTNOTEScottMarshall200566-2] Scott & Marshall 2005, стр. 66.

[FOOTNOTEWinthrop199127–30-3] Winthrop 1991, стр. 27–30.

[FOOTNOTEBéteille200266-4] Béteille 2002, стр. 66.

[5] Wilson, E. O. (1979). „The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 123 (4): 204—210. JSTOR 986579.

[oed-caste-6] а ^б ^в „caste”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd изд.). Oxford University Press. септембар 2005. (Потребна је претплата или чланска картица јавне библиотеке УК.)

[pitt-rivers-7] Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1971), „On the word 'caste'”, Ур.: T O Beidelman, The translation of culture essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard, London, UK: Tavistock, стр. 231—256, GGKEY:EC3ZBGF5QC9

[1]

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