Dinastija Sung
Dinastija Sung (kin: 宋朝, Sòng Cháo) je zajedničko ime za vladare Kine u periodu od 960. do 1279. godine. Prvi car iz te dinastije se zvao Taicu. Za vreme vladavine dinastije Sung, Kina se ponovo ujedinila. Glavni grad carstva je bio Hangdžou.
Tokom perioda vladavine od oko 300 godina, bilo je dosta sukoba među suparničkim dinastijama toga doba, tako da se period vladavine deli na Severni Sung (960–1127) i Južni Sung (1127—1279).
Za vreme vladavine dinastije Sung umetnost je procvetala, takođe filozovska misao. Vojno upraviteljstvo carskih provincija zamenjeno je civilnim. Osnovani su novi gradovi da bi se što više razvila trgovina i ojačala privreda. Razvijena je tehnologija proizvodnje baruta i štampanje je bilo na visokom nivou tako da se sa time razvila i pismenost. Posedovanje zemlje i rad u državnoj službi nisu više bili merilo uspešnosti pojedinca. Privatna delatnost je dobila u razvoju.
Kina je 1078. proizvodila 125.000 tona gvožđa i koristila je 1 kg po glavi stanovnika, dok je u Evropi u isto vreme korišćeno ½ kg. Glavni grad Hangdžou je 1200. godine imao 400.000 stanovnika.[1] Zapadna Evropa je u to vreme imala samo dva grada sa više od 100.000 stanovnika Pariz i Veneciju.
Dinastiju Sung je nasledila Dinastija Juan.
Severni Sung
uredi
Krajem 9. veka veliki je seljački ustanak gotovo uništio središnju vlast dinastije Tang. Kina je podeljena na 10 država s malim ostatkom carstva kojim je vladalo pet dinastija u nizu (tzv. Kasni Liang).
U januaru 960. godine, general Čao Kuang-jin je izvršio državni udar koji je iskoristio Sung Tai-cu (Tajcu) da se domogne prestolja. Vešti vojni i politički vođa Tajcu je postao prvi car nove dinastije Sung. On je uspeo da ujedini Kinu i uništi pretnju sa severa, ali dinastija Sung nikada nije povratila pod svoju vlast Anam (severni Vijetnam), a kitanska država Liao još uvek je zauzimala granična područja na severoistoku gde su osnovali svoje carstvo u Mandžuriji i unutrašnjoj Mongoliji. Na severozapadu su Tagnuti osnovali snažno carstvo Si Sja. Ta su područja ostala pod stranom vlašću do 1368. godine.
Nova država bila je razjedinjenija nego što je bila u vreme dinastije Tang, a i vojno slabija. Međutim, „Carski ispitni sistem” još je više pojednostavljen i ustanovljena je uprava činovnika po zasluzi. To je bilo i razdoblje brzog privrednog razvoja. U razdoblju od 750. do 1100. stanovništvo se gotovo udvostručilo, uglavnom zbog širenja uzgoja riže (koja potiče iz jugoistočne Azije) u središnjoj i južnoj Kini što je dovelo do stvaranja viškova hrane.[2] Ovo povećanje broja stanovnika je bio razlog što se središnja vlast povukla iz svestranog i temeljnog upravljanja trgovinom i ona je prepuštena slobodnom tržištu. Trgovina je nadalje dosegla viši nivo upotrebom papirnog novca, te velikom koncentracijom trgovine oko prve prestolnice Sunga, Kajfenga. Kajfeng je bio i središte sistema kanala (Veliki kanal) i mreže cesta države Sung.
Južni Sung
urediDinastija Sung morala je da plati cenu za svoju slabu obranu. Godine 1126 – 1127 Đurđi Đin su osvojili severnu Kinu (Dinastija Đin (1115—1234). Područje dinastije Sung uskoro je svedeno na središnju i južnu Kinu i opstajalo je samo plaćajući veliki danak ovim Tatarima.
Bez obzira na to što je rodno mesto kineske kulture u dolini Žute reke pripalo stranim osvajačima, jug se i nadalje ekonomski razvijao. Stanovništvo od 60% ukupne kineske populacije se i dalje povećavalo[2], trgovina i industrija su cvale, a nova prestolnica, Hangdžou, postala je nesumnjivo najveći grad na svetu s oko 400.000 stanovnika. Kina je u 13. veku bila naseljenija i bogatija od tadašnje Evrope. Zapadna Evropa je tada imala samo dva grada s više od 100.000 stanovnika, Pariz i Veneciju.
Južni Sung je značajno ojačao svoju mornaricu kako bi obranio svoju morsku obalu, ali i kako bi sproveo nekoliko pomorskih misija u inostranstvo. Kako bi se oduprli severnjačkoj dinastiji Đin dinastija Sung je razvila novu vojnu tehnologiju upotrebe baruta.
Pad dinastije Sung
urediU 13. veku došlo je do znatnog usporavanja razvoja. To je uglavnom bila posledica ogromnih razaranja i društvenih nemira nastalih zbog mongolske invazije Džingis-kana i osvajanja najpre tatarskog područja na severu, koje je bilo pod dinastijom Đin (1210 – 1234), a potom su napali i Sung područja na jugu (1235 – 1279). Mongke-kan, četvrti veliki mongolski kan (kagan), preminuo je 1259. godine tokom opsade grada Čungkinga. Njegov mlađi brat, Kublaj-kan, proglašen je velikim kanom, a 1271. godine i kineskim carem[3], iako još nije bio osvojio celu Kinu. Nakon dve decenije ratovanja, njegova vojska je na kraju uništila vojsku dinastije Sung 1279. godine, ponovno ujedinivši Kinu pod novom mongolskom dinastijom Juan (1271 – 1368) koja je ustanovila novu prestolnicu na severozapadu Kine, Peking.
Reference
uredi- ^ Durand, John (1960). „The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2-1953”. Population Studies. 13 (3): 209—256. JSTOR 2172247. doi:10.2307/2172247.
- ^ a b Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Anne Walthall i James B. Palais, East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2006., str. 156.-167. ISBN 0-618-13384-4
- ^ Morris Rossabi (1988). University of California Press. Berkeley. str. 115. ISBN 0-520-05913-1.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Dinastija Sung u Kini
- Kina od 7 godine p. n. e. do 1279. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. februar 2007)
- Dinastija Sung u Kini, nasleđe Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (25. februar 2021)
- Dinastija Sung na bcps.org
- Dinastija Sung na MSN encarta
- Sung i Liao umetnost
- Slikarstvo za vreme Sung, Liao i Jin dinastija
- Umetnost za vreme Dinastije Sung
- The Newly Compiled Overall Geographical Survey