Bruker:Iceblock/Innhold/Naturvitenskap

Vitenskap – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained.

Basis of science
- Big Science –
- Det metriske system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering.
- Vitenskapelig metode – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
Branches of science
- Biologi – The study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
  - Anatomi – The study of the structure of living things.
  - Biokjemi – The study of substances found in biological organisms.
  - Biofysikk – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems.^[1] Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems.
  - Botanikk – The study of plant life.
  - Cellebiologi – The study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.
  - Økologi – The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
  - Genetikk – The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
  - Immunologi – The study of immune systems in all organisms.
  - Paleontologi – The study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
    - Dinosaurer – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era.
  - Fysiologi
  - Zoologi – The study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.
    - Insekter
      - Maur – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants.
    - Fugler – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds.
    - Fisker –
      - Haier – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago.
- Physical sciences – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.
  - Astronomi – The study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
  - Kjemi – The study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes.
    - Organisk kjemi – The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
    - Vann – chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
  - Geovitenskap – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.
    - Geografi – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth".
    - Geologi – The study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.
    - Geofysikk – the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Geophysical methods are also applied to the hydrological cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.
    - Meteorologi – The study of the atmosphere.
      - Tropiske sykloner – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
  - Fysikk – The study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
    - Energi – A scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law.