Isotopen van niobium
Het chemisch element niobium (Nb), met een atoommassa van 92,90638(2) u, bezit 1 stabiele isotoop: 93Nb. De overige 31 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halveringstijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde).
De kortstlevende isotoop van niobium is 81Nb, met een halfwaardetijd van minder dan 44 nanoseconden. De langstlevende is 92Nb, met een halfwaardetijd van 34,7 miljoen jaar.
Niobium-92
bewerkenNiobium-92 is de meest stabiele radio-isotoop. Het is het langstlevende isotoop dat nog niet in de natuur is teruggevonden. Het is bijgevolg geen primordiaal nuclide. Niobium-92 kan op twee manieren vervallen:[1]
- Rechtstreeks via β+-verval tot de stabiele isotoop zirkonium-92
- Onrechtstreeks door β−-verval tot de stabiele isotoop molybdeen-92, dat zelf ervan verdacht wordt via een dubbel bètaverval over te gaan tot zirkonium-92 (de halfwaardetijd bedraagt immers 190 triljoen jaar)
Niobium-93
bewerkenHoewel niobium-93 wordt beschouwd als een stabiel nuclide, kan het theoretisch gezien spontane splijting ondergaan. Het is bovendien het lichtste nuclide die dit kan ondergaan.
Overzicht
bewerken| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 81Nb | 41 | 40 | 80,94903(161) | < 44 ns | β+, p | 80Y | 3/2− | ||
| p | 80Zr | ||||||||
| β+ | 81Zr | ||||||||
| 82Nb | 41 | 41 | 81,94313(32) | 51(5) ms | β+ | 82Zr | 0+ | ||
| 83Nb | 41 | 42 | 82,93671(34) | 4,1(3) s | β+ | 83Zr | (5/2+) | ||
| 84Nb | 41 | 43 | 83,93357(32) | 9,8(9) s | β+ (> 99,9%) | 84Zr | 3+ | ||
| β+, p (< 0,1%) | 83Y | ||||||||
| 84mNb | 338(10) keV | 103(19) ns | (5−) | ||||||
| 85Nb | 41 | 44 | 84,92791(24) | 20,9(7) s | β+ | 85Zr | (9/2+) | ||
| 85mNb | 759,0(10) keV | 12(5) s | (1/2−) | ||||||
| 86Nb | 41 | 45 | 85,92504(9) | 88(1) s | β+ | 86Zr | (6+) | ||
| 86mNb | 250(160) keV | 56(8) s | β+ | 86Zr | |||||
| 87Nb | 41 | 46 | 86,92036(7) | 3,75(9) min | β+ | 87Zr | (1/2−) | ||
| 87mNb | 3,84(14) keV | 2,6(1) min | β+ | 87Zr | (9/2+) | ||||
| 88Nb | 41 | 47 | 87,91833(11) | 14,55(6) min | β+ | 88Zr | (8+) | ||
| 88mNb | 40(140) keV | 7,8(1) min | β+ | 88Zr | (4−) | ||||
| 89Nb | 41 | 48 | 88,913418(29) | 2,03(7) uur | β+ | 89Zr | (9/2+) | ||
| 89mNb | 0(30) keV | 1,10(3) uur | β+ | 89Zr | 1/2− | ||||
| 90Nb | 41 | 49 | 89,911265(5) | 14,60(5) uur | β+ | 90Zr | 8+ | ||
| 90m1Nb | 122,370(22) keV | 63(2) µs | 6+ | ||||||
| 90m2Nb | 124,67(25) keV | 18,81(6) s | IT | 90Nb | 4− | ||||
| 90m3Nb | 171,10(10) keV | < 1 µs | 7+ | ||||||
| 90m4Nb | 382,01(25) keV | 6,19(8) ms | 1+ | ||||||
| 90m5Nb | 1880,21(20) keV | 472(13) ns | (11−) | ||||||
| 91Nb | 41 | 50 | 90,906996(4) | 680(130) jaar | EV (99,98%) | 91Zr | 9/2+ | ||
| β+ (0,013%) | 91Zr | ||||||||
| 91m1Nb | 104,60(5) keV | 60,86(22) dagen | IT (93%) | 91Nb | 1/2− | ||||
| EV (7%) | 91Zr | ||||||||
| β+ (0,0028%) | 91Zr | ||||||||
| 91m2Nb | 2034,35(19) keV | 3,76(12) µs | (17/2−) | ||||||
| 92Nb | 41 | 51 | 91,907194(3) | 3,47(24) × 107 jaar | β+ (99,95%) | 92Zr | 7+ | ||
| β− (0,05%) | 92Mo | ||||||||
| 92m1Nb | 135,5(4) keV | 10,15(2) dagen | β+ | 92Zr | 2+ | ||||
| 92m2Nb | 225,7(4) keV | 5,9(2) µs | 2− | ||||||
| 92m3Nb | 2203,3(4) keV | 167(4) ns | (11−) | ||||||
| 93Nb | 41 | 52 | 92,9063781(26) | stabiel | 9/2+ | 1,0000 | |||
| 93mNb | 30,77(2) keV | 16,13(14) jaar | IT | 93Nb | 1/2− | ||||
| 94Nb | 41 | 53 | 93,9072839(26) | 2,03(16) × 104 jaar | β− | 94Mo | 6+ | ||
| 94mNb | 40,902(12) keV | 6,263(4) min | IT (99,5%) | 94Nb | 3+ | ||||
| β− (0,5%) | 94Mo | ||||||||
| 95Nb | 41 | 54 | 94,9068358(21) | 34,991(6) dagen | β− | 95Mo | 9/2+ | ||
| 95mNb | 235,690(20) keV | 3,61(3) dagen | IT (94,4%) | 95Nb | 1/2− | ||||
| β− (5,6%) | 95Mo | ||||||||
| 96Nb | 41 | 55 | 95,908101(4) | 23,35(5) uur | β− | 96Mo | 6+ | ||
| 97Nb | 41 | 56 | 96,9080986(27) | 72,1(7) min | β− | 97Mo | 9/2+ | ||
| 97mNb | 743,35(3) keV | 52,7(18) s | IT | 97Nb | 1/2− | ||||
| 98Nb | 41 | 57 | 97,910328(6) | 2,86(6) s | β− | 98Mo | 1+ | ||
| 98mNb | 84(4) keV | 51,3(4) min | β− (99,9%) | 98Mo | (5+) | ||||
| IT (0,1%) | 98Nb | ||||||||
| 99Nb | 41 | 58 | 98,911618(14) | 15,0(2) s | β− | 99Mo | 9/2+ | ||
| 99mNb | 365,29(14) keV | 2,6(2) min | β− (96,2%) | 99Mo | 1/2− | ||||
| IT (3,8%) | 99Nb | ||||||||
| 100Nb | 41 | 59 | 99,914182(28) | 1,5(2) s | β− | 100Mo | 1+ | ||
| 100mNb | 470(40) keV | 2,99(11) s | β− | 100Mo | (4+, 5+) | ||||
| 101Nb | 41 | 60 | 100,915252(20) | 7,1(3) s | β− | 101Mo | 5/2+ | ||
| 102Nb | 41 | 61 | 101,91804(4) | 1,3(2) s | β− | 102Mo | 1+ | ||
| 102mNb | 130(50) keV | 4,3(4) s | β− | 102Mo | |||||
| 103Nb | 41 | 62 | 102,91914(7) | 1,5(2) s | β− | 103Mo | (5/2+) | ||
| 104Nb | 41 | 63 | 103,92246(11) | 4,9(3) s | β− (99,94%) | 104Mo | (1+) | ||
| β−, n (0,06%) | 103Mo | ||||||||
| 104mNb | 220(120) keV | 940(40) ms | β− (99,95%) | 104Mo | |||||
| β−, n (0,05%) | 103Mo | ||||||||
| 105Nb | 41 | 64 | 104,92394(11) | 2,95(6) s | β− (98,3%) | 105Mo | (5/2+) | ||
| β−, n (1,7%) | 104Mo | ||||||||
| 106Nb | 41 | 65 | 105,92797(21) | 920(40) ms | β− (95,5%) | 106Mo | 2+ | ||
| β−, n (4,5%) | 105Mo | ||||||||
| 107Nb | 41 | 66 | 106,93031(43) | 300(9) ms | β− (94%) | 107Mo | 5/2+ | ||
| β−, n (6%) | 106Mo | ||||||||
| 108Nb | 41 | 67 | 107,93484(32) | 0,193(17) s | β− (93,8%) | 108Mo | (2+) | ||
| β−, n (6,2%) | 107Mo | ||||||||
| 109Nb | 41 | 68 | 108,93763(54) | 190(30) ms | β− (69%) | 109Mo | 5/2+ | ||
| β−, n (69%) | 108Mo | ||||||||
| 110Nb | 41 | 69 | 109,94244(54) | 170(20) ms | β− (60%) | 110Mo | 2+ | ||
| β−, n (40%) | 109Mo | ||||||||
| 111Nb | 41 | 70 | 110,94565(54) | 80 ms | 5/2+ | ||||
| 112Nb | 41 | 71 | 111,95083(75) | 60 ms | 2+ | ||||
| 113Nb | 41 | 72 | 112,95470(86) | 30 ms | 5/2+ | ||||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
bewerken| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
- ↑ (en) WolframAlpha