Isotopen van bismut
Het chemisch element bismut (Bi), met een atoommassa van 208,98040(1) u, bezit geen stabiele isotopen, hoewel er één isotoop is (209Bi) die een extreem lange halveringstijd van 19 triljoen jaar (1,9 × 1019 jaar) heeft. Omdat deze halveringstijd ongeveer een miljard maal groter is dan de geschatte leeftijd van het universum, kan deze isotoop in de praktijk als stabiel worden beschouwd. De 34 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd. In de natuur komen sporen van de radio-isotopen 210Bi, 211Bi, 212Bi, 214Bi en 215Bi voor.
De kortstlevende isotoop van bismut is 185Bi, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 2 milliseconden. De langstlevende (na 209Bi) is 208Bi, met een halfwaardetijd van 368.000 jaar.
Overzicht
bewerken| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 184Bi | 83 | 101 | 184,00112(14) | 6,6(15) ms | 3+ | ||||
| 184mBi | 150(100) keV | 13(2) ms | 10− | ||||||
| 185Bi | 83 | 102 | 184,99763(6) | 2 ms | p | 184Pb | 9/2− | ||
| α (zelden) | 181Tl | ||||||||
| 185mBi | 70(50) keV | 49(7) µs | α | 181Tl | 1/2+ | ||||
| p | 184Pb | ||||||||
| 186Bi | 83 | 103 | 185,99660(8) | 14,8(7) ms | α | 182Tl | (3+) | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 186Pb | ||||||||
| 186mBi | 270(140) keV | 9,8(4) ms | α | 182Tl | (10−) | ||||
| β+ | 186Pb | ||||||||
| 187Bi | 83 | 104 | 186,993158(16) | 32(3) ms | α (50%) | 183Tl | 9/2− | ||
| β+ (50%) | 187Pb | ||||||||
| 187m1Bi | 101(20) keV | 320(70) µs | 1/2+ | ||||||
| 187m2Bi | 252(1) keV | 7(5) µs | (13/2+) | ||||||
| 188Bi | 83 | 105 | 187,99227(5) | 44(3) ms | α | 184Tl | 3+ | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 188Pb | ||||||||
| 188mBi | 210(140) keV | 220(40) ms | α | 184Tl | (10−) | ||||
| β+ (zelden) | 188Pb | ||||||||
| 189Bi | 83 | 106 | 188,98920(6) | 674(11) ms | α (51%) | 185Tl | (9/2−) | ||
| β+ (49%) | 189Pb | ||||||||
| 189m1Bi | 181(6) keV | 5,0(1) ms | (1/2+) | ||||||
| 189m2Bi | 357(1) keV | 880(50) ns | (13/2+) | ||||||
| 190Bi | 83 | 107 | 189,9883(2) | 6,3(1) s | α (77%) | 186Tl | (3+) | ||
| β+ (30%) | 190Pb | ||||||||
| 190m1Bi | 420(180) keV | 6,2(1) s | α (70%) | 186Tl | (10−) | ||||
| β+ (23%) | 190Pb | ||||||||
| 190m2Bi | 690(180) keV | > 500(100) ns | 7+ | ||||||
| 191Bi | 83 | 108 | 190,985786(8) | 12,3(3) s | α (60%) | 187Tl | (9/2−) | ||
| β+ (40%) | 191Pb | ||||||||
| 191mBi | 240(4) keV | 124(5) ms | α (75%) | 187Tl | (1/2+) | ||||
| β+ (25%) | 191Pb | ||||||||
| 192Bi | 83 | 109 | 191,98546(4) | 34,6(9) s | β+ (82%) | 192Pb | (3+) | ||
| α (18%) | 188Tl | ||||||||
| 192mBi | 150(30) keV | 39,6(4) s | β+ (90,8%) | 192Pb | (10−) | ||||
| α (9,2%) | 188Tl | ||||||||
| 193Bi | 83 | 110 | 192,98296(1) | 67(3) s | β+ (95%) | 193Pb | (9/2−) | ||
| α (5%) | 189Tl | ||||||||
| 193mBi | 308(7) keV | 3,2(6) s | α (90%) | 189Tl | (1/2+) | ||||
| β+ (10%) | 193Pb | ||||||||
| 194Bi | 83 | 111 | 193,98283(5) | 95(3) s | β+ (99,54%) | 194Pb | (3+) | ||
| α (0,46%) | 190Tl | ||||||||
| 194m1Bi | 110(70) keV | 125(2) s | β+ | 194Pb | (6+, 7+) | ||||
| α (zelden) | 190Tl | ||||||||
| 194m2Bi | 230(90) keV | 115(4) s | (10−) | ||||||
| 195Bi | 83 | 112 | 194,980651(6) | 183(4) s | β+ (99,97%) | 195Pb | (9/2−) | ||
| α (0,03%) | 191Tl | ||||||||
| 195m1Bi | 399(6) keV | 87(1) s | β+ (67%) | 195Pb | (1/2+) | ||||
| α (33%) | 191Tl | ||||||||
| 195m2Bi | 2311,4+X keV | 750(50) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 196Bi | 83 | 113 | 195,980667(26) | 5,1(2) min | β+ (99,99%) | 196Pb | (3+) | ||
| α (0,00115%) | 192Tl | ||||||||
| 196m1Bi | 166,6(30) keV | 0,6(5) s | IT | 196Bi | (7+) | ||||
| β+ | 196Pb | ||||||||
| 196m2Bi | 270(3) keV | 4,00(5) min | (10−) | ||||||
| 197Bi | 83 | 114 | 196,978864(9) | 9,33(50) min | β+ (99,99%) | 197Pb | (9/2−) | ||
| α (10−4%) | 193Tl | ||||||||
| 197m1Bi | 690(110) keV | 5,04(16) min | α (55%) | 193Tl | (1/2+) | ||||
| β+ (45%) | 197Pb | ||||||||
| IT (0,3%) | 197Bi | ||||||||
| 197m2Bi | 2129,3(4) keV | 204(18) ns | (23/2−) | ||||||
| 197m3Bi | 2360,4(5)+X keV | 263(13) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 197m4Bi | 2383,1(7)+X keV | 253(39) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 197m5Bi | 2929,5(5) keV | 209(30) ns | (31/2−) | ||||||
| 198Bi | 83 | 115 | 197,97921(3) | 10,3(3) min | β+ | 198Pb | (2+, 3+) | ||
| 198m1Bi | 280(40) keV | 11,6(3) min | β+ | 198Pb | (7+) | ||||
| 198m2Bi | 530(40) keV | 7,7(5) s | 10− | ||||||
| 199Bi | 83 | 116 | 198,977672(13) | 27(1) min | β+ | 199Pb | 9/2− | ||
| 199m1Bi | 667(4) keV | 24,70(15) min | β+ (98%) | 199Pb | (1/2+) | ||||
| IT (2%) | 199Bi | ||||||||
| α (0,01%) | 195Tl | ||||||||
| 199m2Bi | 1947(25) keV | 0,10(3) µs | (25/2+) | ||||||
| 199m3Bi | ± 2547,0 keV | 168(13) ns | 29/2− | ||||||
| 200Bi | 83 | 117 | 199,978132(26) | 36,4(5) min | β+ | 200Pb | 7+ | ||
| 200m1Bi | 100(70) keV | 31(2) min | EV (90%) | 200Pb | (2+) | ||||
| IT (10%) | 200Bi | ||||||||
| 200m2Bi | 428,20(10) keV | 400(50) ms | (10−) | ||||||
| 201Bi | 83 | 118 | 200,977009(16) | 108(3) min | β+ (99,99%) | 201Pb | 9/2− | ||
| α (10−4%) | 197Tl | ||||||||
| 201m1Bi | 846,34(21) keV | 59,1(6) min | EV (92,9%) | 201Pb | 1/2+ | ||||
| IT (6,8%) | 201Bi | ||||||||
| α (0,3%) | 197Tl | ||||||||
| 201m2Bi | 1932,2+X keV | 118(28) ns | (25/2+) | ||||||
| 201m3Bi | 1971,2+X keV | 105(75) ns | (27/2+) | ||||||
| 201m4Bi | 2739,90(20)+X keV | 124(4) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||
| 202Bi | 83 | 119 | 201,977742(22) | 1,72(5) uur | β+ | 202Pb | 5(+) | ||
| α (10−5%) | 198Tl | ||||||||
| 202m1Bi | 615(7) keV | 3,04(6) µs | 10− | ||||||
| 202m2Bi | 2607,1(5) keV | 310(50) ns | (17+) | ||||||
| 203Bi | 83 | 120 | 202,976876(23) | 11,76(5) uur | β+ | 203Pb | 9/2− | ||
| α (10−5%) | 199Tl | ||||||||
| 203m1Bi | 1098,14(7) keV | 303(5) ms | IT | 203Bi | 1/2+ | ||||
| 203m2Bi | 2041,5(6) keV | 194(30) ns | 25/2+ | ||||||
| 204Bi | 83 | 121 | 203,977813(28) | 11,22(10) uur | β+ | 204Pb | 6+ | ||
| 204m1Bi | 805,5(3) keV | 13,0(1) ms | IT | 204Bi | 10− | ||||
| 204m2Bi | 2833,4(11) keV | 1,07(3) ms | (17+) | ||||||
| 205Bi | 83 | 122 | 204,977389(8) | 15,31(4) dagen | β+ | 205Pb | 9/2− | ||
| 206Bi | 83 | 123 | 205,978499(8) | 6,243(3) dagen | β+ | 206Pb | 6+ | ||
| 206m1Bi | 59,897(17) keV | 7,7(2) µs | (4+) | ||||||
| 206m2Bi | 1044,8(5) keV | 890(10) µs | (10−) | ||||||
| 207Bi | 83 | 124 | 206,9784707(26) | 32,9(14) jaar | β+ | 207Pb | 9/2− | ||
| 207mBi | 2101,49(16) keV | 182(6) µs | 21/2+ | ||||||
| 208Bi | 83 | 125 | 207,9797422(25) | 3,68(4) × 105 jaar | β+ | 208Pb | 5+ | ||
| 208mBi | 1571,1(4) keV | 2,58(4) ms | IT | 208Bi | 10− | ||||
| 209Bi | 83 | 126 | 208,9803987(16) | 1,9(2) × 1019 jaar | α | 205Tl | 9/2− | 1,0000 | |
| 210Bi | 83 | 127 | 209,9841204(16) | 5,012(5) dagen | β− | 210Po | 1− | sporen | |
| α (1,32 × 10−4%) | 206Tl | ||||||||
| 210mBi | 271,31(11) keV | 3,04(6) × 106 jaar | α | 206Tl | 9− | ||||
| 211Bi | 83 | 128 | 210,987269(6) | 2,14(2) min | α (99,72%) | 207Tl | 9/2− | sporen | |
| β− (0,276%) | 211Po | ||||||||
| 211mBi | 1257(10) keV | 1,4(3) µs | (25/2−) | ||||||
| 212Bi | 83 | 129 | 211,9912857(21) | 60,55(6) min | β− (64,05%) | 212Po | 1− | sporen | |
| α (35,94%) | 208Tl | ||||||||
| β−, α (0,014%) | 208Pb | ||||||||
| 212m1Bi | 250(30) keV | 25,0(2) min | α (67%) | 208Tl | (9−) | ||||
| β− (33%) | 212mPo | ||||||||
| β−, α (0,3%) | 208Pb | ||||||||
| 212m2Bi | 2200(200) keV | 7,0(3) min | > 15 | ||||||
| 213Bi | 83 | 130 | 212,994385(5) | 45,59(6) min | β− (97,91%) | 213Po | 9/2− | ||
| α (2,09%) | 209Tl | ||||||||
| 214Bi | 83 | 131 | 213,998712(12) | 19,9(4) min | β− (99,97%) | 214Po | 1- | sporen | |
| α (0,021%) | 210Tl | ||||||||
| β−, α (0,003%) | 210Pb | ||||||||
| 215Bi | 83 | 132 | 215,001770(16) | 7,6(2) min | β− | 215Po | (9/2−) | sporen | |
| 215mBi | 1347,5(25) keV | 36,4(25) min | (25/2−) | ||||||
| 216Bi | 83 | 133 | 216,006306(12) | 2,17(5) min | β− | 216Po | 1− | ||
| 217Bi | 83 | 134 | 217,00947(21) | 98,5(8) s | 9/2− | ||||
| 218Bi | 83 | 135 | 218,01432(39) | 33(1) s | 1− | ||||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
bewerken| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859