Jima
Jima hanya ce da ake sarrafa fata a gyara ta don a yi wani amfani na daban da ita, ko kuma jima sana'a ce ta gyara fatar dabba ta hanyar ciccire gashin jikin fatar da sauran abubuwan da ba'a so. Jima a kasar Hausa ta kasu kashi biyu, akwai na gargajiya sannan kuma akwai ta zamani.[1]
Jima | |
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process (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | leather production process (en) , craft (en) da cleaning (en) |
Bangare na | Musulunci |
Product, material, or service produced or provided (en) | leather (en) |
Intangible cultural heritage status (en) | Living traditions – An inventory of intangible cultural heritage in Sweden (en) |
Described at URL (en) | levandekulturarv.se… da levandekulturarv.se… |
Gudanarwan | tanner (en) |
Uses (en) | fata |
Aiki
gyara sasheMasu jiman zamani kuma sukan yi aikin fatu ta hanyoyin zamani don yin jakunkuna da takalma da rigar kujerun zama da kuma ita kanta fatar a kan gyarata don sayarwa ga sauran ƙasashe.[2]
Ana iya amfani da fatar kowacce dabba wajen jima a nan kasar Hausa, a nan kasar Hausa an fi amfani da fatun kada da jimina da macizai da fatun awaki da tumakai da sauransu.
Jimar gargajiya ta kumshi mutanen da suke sarrafa fata su juya ta zuwa nau’i daban–daban wanda suke dunka layu da bante da rigar wuka (kube) da jakunkunan fata da linzami da takalmi da sirdin doki da sulke na fata.
Yadda ake Jima
gyara sasheJima sana’a ce ta gyaran fata, wadda ake ciccire gashi da sauran abubuwan da ba a bukata daga jikin fata, a mayar da ita fes, domin yin wani abin amfani da ita. Masu yin wannan sana’a su ake kira Majema. Haka nan, gurin da ake yin wannan sana’ar ma a kan kira shi da sunan Majema.
Asalin sana'ar Jima
gyara sasheSana’ar jima sana’a ce da aka same ta a wurin Larabawa, an samu wannan sana’a a kasar Hausa can lokutan baya da Larabawa ke zuwa fatauci. Daga cikin irin wadannan masu zuwa fataucin akwai malamai masu karatun Alqur’ani, cikinsu kuwa akwai wadanda ke sarrafa fata domin yin shimfida wadda ake kira buzu, da kuma yin jaka wadda ake kira gafaka domin adana Alqur’ani da sauran takardun karatu. Zuwan su kasar Hausa sai ya zama suna koyawa almajiransu irin wadannan sana’o’i bayan karatu da suke koya musu. Wannan shi ne asalin samuwar wannan sana’a ta jima a kasar Hausa.
Kayan Aiki
gyara sasheKayan aikin Jima sun hada da:
- Majema: Shi ne asalin gurin da ake gudanar da sana’ar jima. A nan ake yi mata komai.
- Kwatarniya: Mazubi ce da masu sana’ar ginin tukunya suke yi. A cikinta ake wanke fata da kuma jikata domin cire gashi da sauran abubuwa.
- Bagaruwa: Sinadari ce da ake cire gashin fata da ita.
- Toka da Kanwa: Su ne sidaran farko da ke rukar da gashin fata domin a cire shi daga jikin fata cikin sauki.
- Kashin Kaji/Tattabaru: Shi ne sinadari na biyu da yake rudar da sauran ƙananan gashi a jikin fata domin a cire shi cikin sauƙi.
- Kartaji: Shi ne abin da ake tuje gashi da kuma nama daga jikin fata.
- Gwafa: Ana kafa ta domin daura igiyar shanya a jikinta.
- Igiya: Ita ake daura wa a jikin gwafa a shanya fata a kanta.
- Turmi: Kala biyu ne, akwai rabi wanda ake dora fata a jikinsa a tuje gashinta da kartaji. Sai kuma ainihin turmi wanda ake zuba fata a kirɓa ta a ciki idan za a tura (idan za a yi mata launi) ta.
- Taɓarya: Da ita ake kirɓa fata a cikin turmi.
Kartaji
Turmin da ake yin Gurza, Katsi da kuma Karni
Turmi da Taɓaryar Kirɓi
Kayayyakin da Ake yi da Fata
Abu ne mai wahala a ƙididdige abubuwan da ake yi da fata bayan an jeme ta. Kaɗan daga ciki akwai:
1. Sutura: Tun da can asali kuma har zuwa yau ɗin nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin sutura. Suturar da ake yi da fata akwai riga, takalmi, hula, da majanyi (Belt), da sauransu. Kayan Kwalliya: Akan yi abubuwa da suka shafi kwalliya kamar irin su abin maƙalla makulli (key holder).
2. Jakakkuna: Ana yin jakakkuna manya da ƙanana, irin na da da kuma na zamanin yanzu da muke ciki. Jakakkuna irin na da akwai gafaka (jaka ce da ake saka Alƙur’ani a ciki da sauran takardun karatu. Wannan na daga cikin tushen kawo wannan sana’a cikin Ƙasar Hausa), akwai burgami (jakar mafarauta), akwai zabira (jakar wanzamai), taiki (jaka ce mai kamar buhu da mutanen da ke amfani da ita wajen zuba kayayyaki kamar irin su hatsi da sauransu), sannan kuma akwai salka (ita ma jaka ce ta fata da ake zuba ruwa a ciki), da sauransu.
3. Kayan Yaƙi da Farauta: Haka nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin kayayyakin yaƙi da kuma farauta. Daga cikin irin waɗannan kayayyaki akwai: Warki (fata ce ake jeme ta iya tsawon dabbar, wacce mafarauta ke ratayawa a jiki domin samun kariya daga sara ko harbi. A wasu lokutan kuma akan bar ta da gashin nata sai dai a ɗame ta kawai. Sannan wasu sukan kira ta da buzu), sannan kuma akwai garkuwa (fata ce ta giwa da ake busar da ita sannan a ƙamar da ita ta yi tauri, mayaƙa sukan kare harbin kibiya ko mashi da ita), akwai kube (kusan wata irin nau’in jaka ce da ake saka takobi, adda, ko wuƙa a ciki. Wato gidan takobi, adda ko wuƙa), akwai kuma safi, da ake sakawa a ƙotar wuƙa, takobi ko adda domin basu kariya daga tsagewa. Kayan ƙira: Ana yin kayan ƙira kamar zuga-zugi da fata. Kayan Kiɗa: Da fata ake yin marufin mafiya yawan kayan kiɗan gargajiyar Hausa, kamar irin su ganga, dundufa, kotso, kalangu, da sauransu.
4. Guga: Wata aba ce da ake ɗebo ruwa da ita daga cikin rijiya. Kayan fatake: Kilago, fata ce gyararriya da fatake ko mayaƙa ke amfani da ita wajen yin tanti a sahara ko daji.
5. Kayan Shimfiɗa: Akwai buzu (fata ce akasari ta rago da malamai ke amfani da ita wajen yin shimfiɗa idan za su yi karatu ko salla), akwai kuma tabarma ta zamani (Carpet), akwai kuma rigar fulo, da sauransu. Ƙafar Guragu.
Shanyar Fata
Kamalalliyar Fata
Amfanin Jima
Amfanin jima yana da yawa. Daga ciki akwai:
Samar da ayyukan yi. Haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙi. Samar da sutura. Yadda Ake Jima
Ana yin sana’ar jima a mataki-mataki kamar haka:
Jiƙon Gashi: Matakin jiƙo shi ne matakin farko da idan an kawo fata ake karkaɗe ta a wanke ta da ruwa domin cire abubuwan da ba a so da suka haɗa da ƙasa ko gishiri.[3]
Sanwa: A wannan mataki ana samun ruwa ne a zuba a kwatarniya sannan a zuba toka, da kanwa da kuma katsi (turɓayar gaurayen masu rini) a cikin ruwan sannan a zuba fatar a ciki. Wannan shi ne sanwa. Fata takan ɗauki tsawon kwanaki biyu a kan sanwa. A wannan mataki gashi yake laushi wanda ko da hannu ma ana iya cisge shi.
Gurza: Gurza ita ce cire gashi daga jikin fata. A nan ana ɗora fata a kan turmi sai kuma a kawo kartaji a kankare gashin da ke jikinta. Kwaloko: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa haɗe da kashin kaji ko na tattabaru a cikin kwatarniya sannan a kawo fatar a zuba a ciki. Amfanin wannan shi ne cire ɗan sauran gashin da ya rage. Katsi: Shi ne cire ƙananan gashin da ya rage a jikin fata. Ana yin katsi ne ta hanyar ɗora fata a kan turmi sannan a kankare ta da kartaji. Tsomi/Cuɗa: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa a cikin kwatarniya sannan sai a samu bagaruwa a zuba a ciki, sai kuma a zuba fatar a ciki. Fata tana kwana ɗaya a wannan mataki. Karni: Shi ne cire naman da ke jikin fata. Bayan an cuɗe fata kuma sai a sake ɗora ta a kan turmi, a wannan karon kuma cikinta ake kankarewa domin fitar da sauran naman da masu fiɗa suka rage. Yadda Ake Karni
Cuɗa/Daɗi: Cuɗa ita ce zuba ruwa da bagaruwa a cikin kwatarniya bayan an yi mata karni. Fata takan ɗauki kwana guda a cikin wannan ruwa.
Wanki: Ana zuba fata a cikin zallan ruwa a wanke ta. Shanya: Mataki ne da ake ɗora fata a kan igiya domin ta bushe. Launi: A wannan mataki ne ake yi wa fata launin da ake so, wanda ka iya zama ja, shuɗi ko ruwan ɗorawa. A wannan mataki ana yi wa fata abubuwa kamar haka: Shafa mangyaɗa. Jiƙa fata da ruwa ta hanyar yayyafa ruwan a kan fatar. Kirɓi: Mataki ne na launi da ake saka fata a turmi bayan an jiƙa ta da ruwa a kirɓa ta. Sai kuma a zuba kayan turi a launa fatar a cikin kwatarniya. Sai kuma a matse fatar daga ruwan turi. Sai a sake shanya ta a kan igiya. Ja: Mataki ne da ake ɗame fata da sauran danshinta na turi. Ana take gefen fata da ƙafa sannan a ja ta a ɗame ta. Naɗi: Mataki ne da ake naɗe fatar a kifa biyu bayan an ɗame ta.
Hotuna
gyara sashe-
An shanya wata Fata domin sarrafawa
-
Sarrafa fatar
Diddigin bayanan waje
gyara sasheAlhassan A., Musa U.I., da Zarruƙ R.M. (1982). Zaman Hausawa Don Makarantun Gaba da Firmare.
Durumin Iya M.A. (2006). Tasirin Kimiyya da Ƙere-Ƙeren Zamani a kan Sana'o'in Hausawa na Gargajiya. KABS Printing Services (NIG), Durumin Iya, Kano-Nigeria.
Ƙwalli K.M. (1996). Kano Jalla Babbar Hausa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Yakasai K. I. (Babu shekarar bugu). A San Mutum A Kan Cinikinsa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Bibiliyo
gyara sasheMadauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6.OCLC 489903061.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Yadda Sana'ar Sarrafa Fatar Dabbobi Ta Samu Karbuwa A Kamaru". Aminiya.dailytrust.com. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ↑ Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. p.25-26.ISBN 978-169-097-6
- ↑ "Sana'ar Jima a ƙasar Hausa". rumbunilimi.com.ng. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.