dringo
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Welsh dringo, borrowed from Old Irish dringid, from Proto-Celtic *dringeti. The form expected if the Welsh was a direct inheritance would be *dryngu.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dringo (first-person singular present dringaf)
- (transitive, intransitive) to climb, to ascend, to scale
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | dringaf | dringi | dring | dringwn | dringwch | dringant | dringir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
dringwn | dringit | dringai | dringem | dringech | dringent | dringid | |
| preterite | dringais | dringaist | dringodd | dringasom | dringasoch | dringasant | dringwyd | |
| pluperfect | dringaswn | dringasit | dringasai | dringasem | dringasech | dringasent | dringasid, dringesid | |
| present subjunctive | dringwyf | dringych | dringo | dringom | dringoch | dringont | dringer | |
| imperative | — | dring | dringed | dringwn | dringwch | dringent | dringer | |
| verbal noun | dringo | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | dringedig dringadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | dringa i, dringaf i | dringi di | dringith o/e/hi, dringiff e/hi | dringwn ni | dringwch chi | dringan nhw |
| conditional | dringwn i, dringswn i | dringet ti, dringset ti | dringai fo/fe/hi, dringsai fo/fe/hi | dringen ni, dringsen ni | dringech chi, dringsech chi | dringen nhw, dringsen nhw |
| preterite | dringais i, dringes i | dringaist ti, dringest ti | dringodd o/e/hi | dringon ni | dringoch chi | dringon nhw |
| imperative | — | dringa | — | — | dringwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Mutation
[edit]| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
|---|---|---|---|
| dringo | ddringo | nringo | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
[edit]- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 286