coolie

• coolee, cooly, kuli, quli, koelie

From Hindustani क़ुली / قلی (qulī, “hired laborer”), possibly from Ottoman Turkish قول (kul, “servant”). Another theory says that it is named after Gujarati કોળી (koḷī), a Gujarati tribe or caste. Other forms occur in Bengali কুলি (kuli) and Tamil கூலி (kūli, “daily hire”). Possibly also influenced by Hindustani کولی (kolī) / कोली (kolī, “weaver; low-class”). In Kurdish Koile (کۆیلە) and Quli (قولى): Slave, Servant. Kawli (Keweli): Low-Class, Gypsy.

Mandarin 苦力 (kǔlì, “hard labor”) may have been influenced by cognates of the above Hindi word in other languages and may have further influenced English.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkuːli/

• Audio (General Australian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uːli

coolie (plural coolies)

1. An unskilled Asian worker, usually of Chinese or Indian descent; a labourer; a porter. Coolies were frequently transported to other countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries as indentured labourers.
   • 1913, Elizabeth Kimball Kendall, A Wayfarer in China:

     From Hui-li-chou northwards I was escorted by real soldiers, quite of the new service. They looked rather shipshape in khaki suits and puttees, and their guns were of a good model, but they handled them in careless fashion at first, belabouring laden ponies and even coolies who were slow in getting out of the way of my chair.

   • 1943 November and December, G. T. Porter, “The Lines Behind the Lines in Burma”, in Railway Magazine, page 325:

     Outside, beyond the sun-baked station yard, a rice mill chugged away in the distance, and sweating coolies unloaded bags of rice from creaking bullock carts.

   • 1992, Jan Breman, E. Valentine Daniel, “Conclusion: The Making of a Coolie”, in E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass, editors, Plantations, Proletarians, and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass & Co., page 268:

     Coolie-identity is as much the product of self-perception as it is the construction of a category by those who did not belong to it. It is these constructions that historically constituted a coolie in the matrix of power relations which this essay seeks to partially comprehend.

   • 2008, Lisa Yun, The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba, Temple University Press, page xix:

     Community histories did not necessarily feature the coolie, partly due to the fact that “coolie” is a classed term. Asian coolies were regarded as lowly laborers.

2. (Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean, Guyana, Jamaica, Fiji, South Africa and other parts of Africa, ethnic slur) An Indian or a person of Indian descent.
   • 1991, Larry Bond, Patrick Larkin, Vortex‎^[1], page 56:

     Well, he and his troops had shown the koefietjies-the little coolies-how quickly and how easily Afrikaner explosive shells could knock it down.

   • 2014, Marlon James, A Brief History of Seven Killings, Oneworld Publications (2015), page 199:

     Even a coolie would have been better.

• → Macanese: cúli
• → Romanian: culi

• Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886): Hobson-Jobson The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Reprint: Ware, Hertfordshire. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 1996.
• Le grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise, (2001), Vol. III, p. 833.

• koolie

• Audio:

  (file)

coolie m (plural coolies)

1. coolie

• → Vietnamese: cu li

• “coolie”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.