bwrw
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Welsh bwrw, from Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (“throws”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, elevate”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbʊrʊ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbuːru/, /ˈbʊru/
- Rhymes: -ʊrʊ
Verb
[edit]bwrw (first-person singular present bwriaf)
- To hit
- To strike
- To cast
- To overthrow
- (weather) To precipitate
- Mae hi'n bwrw glaw
- It's raining
- (literally, “It's casting rain”)
- (of animals) to give birth to; to whelp, calve, etc.
- Synonym: dod â
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
present indicative/future | bwriaf | bwri | bwria | bwriwn | bwriwch | bwriant | bwrir | |
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional | bwriwn | bwrit | bwriai | bwriem | bwriech | bwrient | bwrid | |
preterite | bwriais | bwriaist | bwriodd | bwriasom | bwriasoch | bwriasant | bwriwyd | |
pluperfect | bwriaswn | bwriasit | bwriasai | bwriasem | bwriasech | bwriasent | bwriasid, bwriesid | |
present subjunctive | bwriwyf | bwriech | bwrio | bwriom | bwrioch | bwriont | bwrier | |
imperative | — | bwra, bwria | bwried | bwriwn | bwriwch | bwrient | bwrier | |
verbal noun | bwrw | |||||||
verbal adjectives | bwriedig — |
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
future | bwria i, bwriaf i | bwri di | bwrith o/e/hi, bwriff e/hi | bwriwn ni | bwriwch chi | bwrian nhw |
conditional | bwriwn i, bwriswn i | bwriet ti, bwriset ti | bwriai fo/fe/hi, bwrisai fo/fe/hi | bwrien ni, bwrisen ni | bwriech chi, bwrisech chi | bwrien nhw, bwrisen nhw |
preterite | bwriais i, bwries i | bwriaist ti, bwriest ti | bwriodd o/e/hi | bwrion ni | bwrioch chi | bwrion nhw |
imperative | — | bwria | — | — | bwriwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |
Derived terms
[edit]- bwrw glaw (“to rain”)
- bwrw eira (“to snow”)
- bwrw cesair (“to hail”)
- bwrw ymlaen (“to press on, to keep going”)
Mutation
[edit]radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
---|---|---|---|
bwrw | fwrw | mwrw | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “bwrw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 55–56
Categories:
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerǵʰ-
- Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Welsh/ʊrʊ
- Rhymes:Welsh/ʊrʊ/2 syllables
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh verbs
- cy:Weather
- Welsh terms with usage examples