크다

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Korean

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Etymology

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First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 黑根 (Yale: *hùkú-n), reflecting the realis gerundive form with Old Korean 隱 (*-n). Hence the Old Korean verbal stem would have been *hùkú-. Beyond Old Korean, also connected to Baekje 鞬 (*ke-n).

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (Yale: khútá).

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kxɯda̠]
    • Audio:(file)
  • Phonetic hangul: [크다]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?keuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?keuda
McCune–Reischauer?k'ŭda
Yale Romanization?khuta

Adjective

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크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니)

  1. to be big, large (both physical and figurative)
    Antonym: 작다 (jakda)
    큰 문제 ― keun munje ― big problem
    키가 크다 ― kiga keuda ― He is tall (literally, “His height is large”)
  2. to be great
    Synonyms: 훌륭하다 (hullyunghada), 위대하다 (widaehada)
    큰 사람 ― keun saram ― a great person
  3. (of a specific sound) to be loud
    Synonym: 시끄럽다 (sikkeureopda)
    Antonym: 작다 (jakda)

Conjugation

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    Selected forms of the adjective 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 크다
keuda 		커
keo 		커요
keoyo 		큽니다
keumnida
Past 컸다
keotda 		컸어
keosseo 		컸어요
keosseoyo 		컸습니다
keotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 크냐
keunya 		커
keo 		커요
keoyo 		큽니까
keumnikka
Past 컸냐
keonnya 		컸어
keosseo 		컸어요
keosseoyo 		컸습니까
keotseumnikka
Assertive 크겠다
keugetda		 크겠어
keugesseo		 크겠어요
keugesseoyo		 크겠습니다
keugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 커
keo		 커서
keoseo		 크니
keuni		 크니까
keunikka
Contrast 크지만
keujiman		 큰데
keunde		 크더니
keudeoni
Conjunction 크고
keugo
Condition 크면
keumyeon		 커야
keoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 큼
keum		 크기
keugi
Past-tense verbal nouns 컸음
keosseum		 컸기
keotgi
Determiners Present 큰
keun
Future 클
keul


Sentence-final forms with honorific
Plain (해라체) Informal (해체) Polite (해요체) Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 크시다
keusida 		크셔
keusyeo 		크세요, 크셔요
keuseyo, keusyeoyo 		크십니다
keusimnida
Past 크셨다
keusyeotda 		크셨어
keusyeosseo 		크셨어요
keusyeosseoyo 		크셨습니다
keusyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 크시냐
keusinya 		크셔
keusyeo 		크세요, 크셔요
keuseyo, keusyeoyo 		크십니까
keusimnikka
Past 크셨냐
keusyeonnya 		크셨어
keusyeosseo 		크셨어요
keusyeosseoyo 		크셨습니까
keusyeotseumnikka
Assertive 크시겠다
keusigetda		 크시겠어
keusigesseo		 크시겠어요
keusigesseoyo		 크시겠습니다
keusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 크셔
keusyeo		 크셔서
keusyeoseo		 크시니
keusini		 크시니까
keusinikka
Contrast 크시지만
keusijiman		 크신데
keusinde		 크시더니
keusideoni
Conjunction 크시고
keusigo
Condition 크시면
keusimyeon		 크셔야
keusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 크심
keusim		 크시기
keusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 크셨음
keusyeosseum		 크셨기
keusyeotgi
Determiners Present 크신
keusin
Future 크실
keusil

Verb

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크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니) (intransitive)

  1. to grow; to get bigger
    Synonym: 자라다 (jarada)
  2. (of a child) to grow up, to become an adult
    Synonyms: 자라다 (jarada), 어른이 되다 (eoreun-i doeda)

Conjugation

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    Selected forms of the verb 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 큰다
keunda 		커
keo 		커요
keoyo 		큽니다
keumnida
Past 컸다
keotda 		컸어
keosseo 		컸어요
keosseoyo 		컸습니다
keotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 크느냐
keuneunya 		커
keo 		커요
keoyo 		큽니까
keumnikka
Past 컸느냐
keonneunya 		컸어
keosseo 		컸어요
keosseoyo 		컸습니까
keotseumnikka
Hortative 크자
keuja		 커
keo		 커요
keoyo		 크십시다
keusipsida
Imperative 커라
keora		 커
keo		 커요
keoyo		 큽시오
keupsio
Assertive 크겠다
keugetda		 크겠어
keugesseo		 크겠어요
keugesseoyo		 크겠습니다
keugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 커
keo		 커서
keoseo		 크니
keuni		 크니까
keunikka
Contrast 크지만
keujiman		 크는데
keuneunde		 크더니
keudeoni
Conjunction 크고
keugo
Condition 크면
keumyeon		 커야
keoya
Motive 크려고
keuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 큼
keum		 크기
keugi
Past-tense verbal nouns 컸음
keosseum		 컸기
keotgi
Determiners Past 큰
keun
Present 크는
keuneun
Future 클
keul
Sentence-final forms with honorific
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 크신다
keusinda 		크셔
keusyeo 		크세요, 크셔요
keuseyo, keusyeoyo 		크십니다
keusimnida
Past 크셨다
keusyeotda 		��셨어
keusyeosseo 		크셨어요
keusyeosseoyo 		크셨습니다
keusyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 크시느냐
keusineunya 		크셔
keusyeo 		크세요, 크셔요
keuseyo, keusyeoyo 		크십니까
keusimnikka
Past 크셨느냐
keusyeonneunya 		크셨어
keusyeosseo 		크셨어요
keusyeosseoyo 		크셨습니까
keusyeotseumnikka
Imperative 크시라
keusira		 크셔
keusyeo		 크세요
keuseyo		 크십시오
keusipsio
Assertive 크시겠다
keusigetda		 크시겠어
keusigesseo		 크시겠어요
keusigesseoyo		 크시겠습니다
keusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 크셔
keusyeo		 크셔서
keusyeoseo		 크시니
keusini		 크시니까
keusinikka
Contrast 크시지만
keusijiman		 크시는데
keusineunde		 크시더니
keusideoni
Conjunction 크시고
keusigo
Condition 크시면
keusimyeon		 크셔야
keusyeoya
Motive 크시려고
keusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 크심
keusim		 크시기
keusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 크셨음
keusyeosseum		 크셨기
keusyeotgi
Determiners Past 크신
keusin
Present 크시는
keusineun
Future 크실
keusil

See also

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  • 大 (dae), the hanja for largeness
  • 太 (tae), another hanja for largeness

Middle Korean

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Etymology

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From Old Korean *hùkú; see the modern Korean 크다 (keuda) entry for more.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kʰɨ́.tá/, [kʰɨ́.dá]

Verb

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크〮다〮 (khútá) (infinitive 커〮, sequential 크〮니〮) (intransitive)

  1. to grow, to get bigger; to be big
    Synonym: 하다〮 (hàtá)
    Antonym: 쟉〯다〮 (cyǎktá)
  2. to become great; to be great

Usage notes

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Typically used adjectivally in the past tense, i.e. "which has gotten bigger" > "which is big".

Conjugation

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The template Template:okm-conj-short/H does not use the parameter(s): 
31=크〮가〮
32=khúká
47=크〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건
48=khúzǒpkèn
51=크〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건〮
52=khúzǒpkén
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

Selected conjugations of 크〮다〮 (khútá), Accentual class H
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources.
Selected plain sentence-final forms
Declarative Interrogative Modulated
declarative
Polar question Wh-word question Second-person subject
Past 크〮다〮 (khútá)
크〮니라〮 (khúnìlá)		 큰〮가〮 (khúnká)
크〮녀〮 (khúnyé)		 큰〮고〮 (khúnkwó)
크〮뇨〮 (khúnyó)		 큰〮다〮 (khúntá) 쿠〮라〮 (khwúlá)
Present 크〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúnòtá)
크〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúnónìlá)		 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (khúnònká)
크〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (khúnònyé)		 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (khúnònkwó)
크〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (khúnònyó)		 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (khúnòntá) 크〮노라〮 (khúnwòlá)
Conjectural 크〮리라〮 (khúlìlá) 크ᇙ〮가〮 (khúlqká)
크〮려〮 (khúlyé)		 크ᇙ〮고〮 (khúlqkwó)
크〮료〮 (khúlyó)		 크ᇙ〮다〮 (khúlqtá) 쿠〮리라〮 (khwúlìlá)
Retrospective/
imperfective 		크〮더라〮 (khútèlá)
크〮더〮니라〮 (khúténìlá)		 크〮던가〮 (khútènká)
크〮더녀〮 (khútènyé)		 크〮던고〮 (khútènkwó)
크〮더뇨〮 (khútènyó)		 크〮던다〮 (khútèntá) 크〮다라〮 (khútàlá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
쿠〮마〮 (khwúmá, promissive)
크〮져〮 (khúcyé, hortative)
크〮라〮 (khúlá, order)
크〮고라〮 (khúkwòlá, request)
큰〮뎌〮 (khúntyé), 클〮쎠〮 (khúlssyé)
크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá)
케〮라〮 (khéylá)
Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms
Past 크〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúngìtá)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúníngìtá)		 크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúníngìská) 크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúníngìskwó) no separate forms 쿠〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúngìtá)
Present 크〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnóngìtá)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnòníngìtá)		 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúnòníngìská) 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúnòníngìskwó) 크〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnwóngìtá)
Conjectural 크〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúlíngìtá) 크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúlíngìská) 크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúlíngìskwó) 쿠〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúlíngìtá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
쿠〮마〮 (khwúmá, promissive)
크〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsángìtá, hortative)
크〮쇼셔〮 (khúsyòsyé, order)
크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá)
케〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khéyngìtá)
Selected honorific declarative forms
Past Present Conjectural Retrospective/
imperfective		 거 (-ke-) form
Plain subject-honoring 크〮시다〮 (khúsìtá)
크〮시〮니라〮 (khúsínìlá)		 크〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúsínòtá)
크〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúsìnónìlá)		 크〮시〮리라〮 (khúsílìlá) 크〮더〮시다〮 (khútésìtá)
크〮더시〮니라〮 (khútèsínìlá)		 크〮거〮시다〮 (khúkésìtá)
크〮거시〮니라〮 (khúkèsínìlá)
Deferential subject-honoring 크〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsíngìtá)
크〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìníngìtá)		 크〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìnóngìtá)
크〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsínòníngìtá)		 크〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsílíngìtá) 크〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútèsíngìtá)
크〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútésìníngìtá)		 크〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkèsíngìtá)
크〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkésìníngìtá)
Selected connective forms
Connective Causative Conditional/situating Contrastive/concessive Purposive/desiderative Infinitive
크〮고〮 (khúkwó)
크〮며〮 (khúmyé)
크〮다가〮 (khútàká)		 크〮니〮 (khúní)
크〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (khúkènól)
클〮ᄊᆡ〮 (khúlssóy, only in declarative)
크〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (khúkwàntóy, only in interrogative)		 크〮면〮 (khúmyén)
크〮거든〮 (khúkètún)
큰〮대〮 (khúntáy)
크〮건댄〮 (khúkèntáyn)		 크〮나〮 (khúná)
쿠〮ᄃᆡ〮 (khwútóy)
큰〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (khúntól)
크〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (khúkénmàlón)		 쿠〮려〮 (khwúlyé)
크〮고져〮 (khúkwòcyé, desires own action)
크〮과뎌〮 (khúkwàtyé, desires other's action)		 커〮 (khé)
Adnominal/gerundive forms
Past Present Conjectural
Unmodulated non-honorific 큰〮 (khún) 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúnón) 크ᇙ〮 (khúlq)
Modulated non-honorific 쿤〮 (khwún) 크〮논〮 (khúnwón) 쿠ᇙ〮 (khwúlq)
Unmodulated subject-honoring 크〮신〮 (khúsín) 크〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúsìnón) 크〮시ᇙ〮 (khúsílq)
Substantive forms
Plain Subject-honoring
쿰〮 (khwúm)
크〮샴〮 (khúsyám)


Descendants

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  • Korean: 크다 (keuda)
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