Sleeper trains combine travelling with a place to sleep. This allows you to hopefully arrive refreshed in the morning, enabling you to make the best of your arrival day at your destination. You also avoid paying for separate accommodation.

Before the breakthrough of air travel, sleeper trains were the preferred way of travelling long distances overland. A few trains – including the "Orient Express", which used to run from Paris to Istanbul – became famous through film and literature. The rise of flights and high speed trains have rendered many sleeper services obsolete. Some are still an important part of the railway network in a number of countries, while some tourist railways bring them back as nostalgia for those ready to pay.

Recent trend towards environmentally-conscious travel has however led to a revival of the sleeper trains. Many routes that connect major cities have been restored and many operators have upgraded their cabin interiors. They offer a level of comfort and sightseeing not possible while flying – at a fraction of the price of a business-class flight ticket. They enable private cabins for small groups and have generous luggage allowances. For certain destinations, they are also the cheapest or most practical means of transport.

Sleeper trains often have different categories of accommodation. The exact details vary from train to train, but will typically be one or more of the following, at different prices:

• Sleeper cabins are often one or two (bunk) berth cabins, and are usually sold for exclusive use. However, they will feel very cramped compared to a hotel room. En suite bathrooms are uncommon, but there may be a sink in the cabin and a communal shower. Duvets and pillows, a turndown service, and breakfast are usually provided.
• Couchette are bunks in a shared compartment or carriage. In Europe, couchettes are usually in compartments with 4 or 6 bunk berths. Duvets and pillows are often provided, but you must make your own bed. Like with cabins, you may have access to showers.
• Seats can be the same seats as in a regular daytime train or they might be different, perhaps fully reclining like in airline business class and with a blanket provided. These may be intended primarily for those travelling shorter distances, or be offered as a budget option. With some rail passes you can travel in a seat on a sleeper train with no surcharge.

On many trains – especially those that run more than one night – cabins have a "day" and "night" mode, with beds either converted to seating or folded away in the day mode: the bunks are folded up, with the lowest bunk forming a seat. You will usually get help from the train staff in converting your cabin to night mode.

Usually a carriage of couchettes or sleeper cabins will have an attendant who will check your ticket and show you to your berth. They may even provide a wake up service. If the train crosses an international border, the attendant may take your passport to show to officials, such as often in Europe, or you may be woken at the border. If you are in a seat you may be woken for ticket checks as well as border crossings. In the Schengen area border crossings may not be noticeable in any way, but there are still often uniformed patrols on international trains.

A few sleeper train services also carry cars, such as the ones between the south and Lapland in Finland. This allows using your own car (or a car rented somewhere with a good supply) while avoiding sitting behind the wheel for all of a day.

The night train entered into the 21st century in a decline – high speed rail on one side and low cost air travel on the other were increasingly calling the business model into question. As a result of the rise of high-speed rail, sleeper trains have become obsolete on many routes in Japan and Western Europe, thus making them an increasingly rare breed. Europe – long a bastion of the night train – was changing over its railroads from cooperating quasi state agencies to competing private companies and running a train across several borders suddenly became more of a headache than it had ever been in peacetime. In China high-speed rail has also become more common, but the vast size of the country means that sleeper service is available on some longer high-speed routes as well, and like in Vietnam, Thailand and India, the alternatives to sleeper trains are too expensive for many people.

When Deutsche Bahn, once the biggest operator of night trains on the continent, wound down that part of their business, many foresaw only doom and gloom, but all was not lost: the Austrian railway (ÖBB) bought up the younger parts of the rolling stock DB had used (serendipitously DB had younger cars in exactly those categories in which ÖBB had most need for replacements) and offered service both on routes into or through Austria and routes without any connection to the small alpine republic. The unexpected success of the Austrian sleeper trains and increasing calls for "greener" transportation options – including the well publicized trips of Greta Thunberg by train across half of Europe – led to increasing calls for more night train service. The European Union declared their intention to help union-wide sleeper trains, several national governments announced their willingness to pick up any potential operating losses of proposed new routes and private operators saw their niche here and there offering their own services. Even the COVID-19 crisis did not throw a wrench into the growth plans as families could book an entire compartment and thus reduce infection risk on their trips to and from a much earned vacation in the "covid summer".

Sleeper trains normally appear on long journeys which cannot realistically be completed in a single day.

Because of the specialized route and car layouts, these trains may bear a special brand or code to differentiate them from their mainline services, which must be paid attention to when booking a journey.

Asia

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• China has the world's only high-speed sleeper services, traveling especially between Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Some longer daytime high-speed routes, such as the Hong Kong-Beijing and Hong Kong-Shanghai routes also feature business class with fully-reclining seats. Conventional sleeper services are still available on many routes, but often complemented by high speed connections that do the trip in a single day. The Beijing–Lhasa route is one of the most notable for its journey through high-altitude areas, and its use of oxygen-enriched air to help passengers cope with the higher altitude; see Qinghai–Tibet railway. Non-high-speed sleepers consist of soft sleepers (软卧 ruǎnwò) with private cabins and hard sleepers (硬卧 yìngwò) with open space.
• India also offers sleeper service in different classes (levels of comfort at different price points) for their longer journeys.
• Indonesia's luxury class carriage offers seats that fully recline, with entertainment system and complimentary meals. The newest cabins also include a personal compartment. These trains run on long-distance routes within Java, such as between Jakarta and Surabaya, Malang, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta. Also, the rental coach kereta wisata has a bedroom.
• Iran
• Japan still has one remaining sleeper service, the Sunrise Seto and Sunrise Izumo (jointly called the Sunrise Express) which run between Tokyo and Takamatsu as well as Izumo. Both trains also pass through Osaka before splitting at Okayama. There are private cabins for 1 and 2 people, but those that are on a budget can sleep in a special car containing a row of carpeted space on the upper and lower level with partition (nobinobi zaseki). Other sleeper trains can be reserved only as part of package tours.
• Malaysia (jungle line only)
• Russia has sleeper trains, especially on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Russian Railways also runs sleepers westward for people willing to spend more than comparable plane tickets would cost.
• Thailand has a number of lines from Bangkok, including to Chiang Mai and to Pedang Basar, where you can connect to Malaysian trains onward to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore
• Turkey: nighttime services always have a sleeper car attached, including the popular lines Istanbul to Ankara (the Ankara Express), and Ankara to Kars in the far northeast (the Eastern Express).
• Vietnam has sleepers on long-distance trains, including the "Reunification Express" between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Europe

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Europe invented the concept, and legendary routes used to criss-cross the continent. Many have been shut down, and many others are under threat. There is still quite good coverage though, especially in the east and in the Nordic countries.

• Austrian Railways (ÖBB) has taken up the mantle of Deutsche Bahn (which used to be the main operator), running a fairly extensive network throughout Central Europe with a focus on the German-speaking countries and former Austria-Hungary under the brand Nightjet. Nightjet is bucking the trend of reducing sleeper services and is instead expanding its network.
• Finland has sleeper trains from Helsinki and Turku in the south to Lapland. Cars can be taken on the trains between some stations. The sleeper train to Moscow has been suspended.
• France only has four domestic sleeper (Intercités de Nuit) train routes left, from Paris to Briançon, Rodez, Latour-de-Carol (bus service to Andorra), and Toulouse.
• Norway has sleeper services from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand, Trondheim and Bodø, with tickets for sleeper compartments or for seats (with blanket and earplugs included). Narvik has a sleeper train from Sweden, from Stockholm via Kiruna.
• There are several domestic night trains in Poland.
• Russia's long-distance trains are all sleeper trains, which is no surprise given the vast distances in the country. Especially famous is the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has branches into Mongolia, China and North Korea. Russian Railways also runs sleepers westward for people willing to spend more than comparable plane tickets would cost, and to some other neighbouring countries such as Azerbaijan.
• Spain has a few domestic routes. Most of the erstwhile "Trenhotel" network has been slashed, especially on routes to France.
• Sweden has a few sleeper services, one of which continues to Narvik in Norway. From April to October as well as in the Christmas and Easter holidays, Stockholm and Malmö are connected to Berlin and Hamburg in Germany and Copenhagen in Denmark by the Snälltåget night train. Selected services also extend to Salzburg and Innsbruck in Austria.
• In the United Kingdom, there are three sleeper services: two between London and Scotland, and one between London and Cornwall.
• There is a sleeper service between Tbilisi, Georgia and Yerevan, Armenia.

Unlike daytime trains, sleepers usually must be booked in advance, as bed assignment is done during the reservation process. For high-demand days, the sleepers may sell out quickly. On some lines seats can be upgraded to berths or cabins, if any are left when the train starts.

Most train operators allow reservation of a sleeper train the same way as any regular train: at ticket counters, online or via phone. The main difference is the obligation to reserve a bed or seat, which usually incurs a fee. Most rail passes, like Interrail, don't cover such surcharges.

Accommodation is usually sold on a first-come, first-served basis and you may get bargains by booking early or by getting an "upgrade" when already on the train if berths are available.

Sleeper trains often run through several countries. While the operator needs agreements with the national railways, these do not necessarily handle bookings. Check what entity to contact for tickets. In some cases tickets are sold through different services to different prices.

If travelling as a group, booking a cabin or small couchette compartment for exclusive use may be cheaper than booking separate berths for each, and even if it isn't, it may be nicer to travel that way.

Most sleeper trains also have a dining car, while almost all of the others offer food at your cabin. However the dining car can have limited supplies which may run out if the train is running late, so you may wish to bring some food with you as a backup. Many train companies post their menus (including prices) online and you can usually rely on these being at least somewhat accurate. However serving sizes are often smaller and prices often higher than comparable food outside a train. Depending on the route and railway, breakfast or even all meals may be included in premium fares or all sleeper fares.

The tap water on a train is usually not drinkable – in Europe this is usually clearly indicated either by a pictogram or in words (usually in more than one language), in other places it might be apparent from context. You may want to bring some bottled water with you, as it will be cheaper to buy this in the station (or a regular supermarket) than on the train. In the rare cases of catastrophic air conditioning failure, you might get free drinks to ease the heat. But as sleeper trains travel mostly at night, this is rather unlikely.

In some countries you are not allowed to bring your own alcohol, as the train is a "licensed premises" like a pub. On some trains all alcohol is prohibited, but in most countries this rule only affects commuter trains and has not yet spread to sleepers. However, people in the neighbouring cabins may want to get a good night's sleep, and some may have an early morning; don't have loud parties.

While some people love the rumbling and bumbling of the train that "rocks them to sleep" others hate the noise and cannot sleep. While some countries invest a lot in their rail networks to reduce bumps, in other countries you are definitely in for a bumpy ride. Your mileage as to sleeping may certainly vary. In bunk accommodation that is shared with several other people snoring may also be a problem, so bring earplugs. Sleeping in a regular seat, even if it is reclining, is certainly not all that comfortable, but a lot of budget conscious travellers have done so in the past and regular seats are still available on most trains with sleepers, sometimes for quite affordable rates indeed, compared to more comfortable options.

While en suite bathrooms are uncommon, many sleeper trains have shared showers, at least in Europe. As there will certainly be queues in the morning, you might want to plan when to go. The showers are usually cramped, at least the en suite ones.