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Elon Musk is the CEO or owner of multiple companies including Tesla, SpaceX, and X Corp, and has expressed many views on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics to science.

Musk has often been described as libertarian,[1] but also describes himself as "politically moderate".[2] Following the COVID-19 pandemic, however, his views have also been described as becoming more right-wing and conservative over time.[3] Within the context of American politics, Musk has said he supported Barack Obama in 2008[4] and 2012, Hillary Clinton in 2016, Joe Biden in 2020, and Donald Trump in 2024.[5] In 2022, Musk said he would start voting for Republican Party candidates,[6] with him showing support for Vivek Ramaswamy in the 2024 Republican presidential primaries.[7] He has stated support for universal basic income,[8] gun rights,[9] freedom of speech,[10] a tax on carbon emissions and opposes government subsidies.[11][12] He is also a critic of illegal immigration[13][14] and short-selling.

Musk has expressed concern about issues such as artificial intelligence (AI), climate change and population decline. He has also criticized COVID-19 lockdowns, public transportation, and labor unions.[15] He has promoted conspiracy theories, and made controversial statements that have led to accusations of sexism, antisemitism,[16][17] support of white pride[18] and transphobia.[19] His views on international relations, including on the China-Taiwan and Russia-Ukraine conflicts, have received mixed reactions.

International relations

[edit]
Musk with Emirati politician Mohammad Al Gergawi at the World Government Summit in Dubai in February 2017
Musk with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro in May 2022

Bolivia

[edit]

In July 2020, Musk tweeted, "We will coup whoever we want! Deal with it" in response to a Twitter user who implied that the US government organized a coup (referring to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis) against Evo Morales for Musk to obtain lithium from Bolivia. Musk's tweet caused controversy and was later deleted.[20][21]

China

[edit]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.[22] After Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people.[23]: 207–208  On the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, Musk praised the state's "economic prosperity".[24] In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[25][26]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]
Main articles: Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, Musk published a social media post that read "Hold Strong Ukraine [sic]" and "my sympathies to the great people of Russia, who do not want this", after which Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy thanked Musk for "for supporting Ukraine with words and deeds". In another post published in March, Musk challenged Russian President Vladimir Putin to a fight.[27]

Musk floated a controversial proposal on Twitter in October 2022, arguing that Ukraine should permanently cede occupied territories (e.g. Crimea) to Russia, and that Ukraine should drop its bid to join NATO.[28] The four-part proposal, posted as a Twitter poll, suggested new referendums under United Nations supervision on the annexation of Russia-occupied territories.[29] The proposal was welcomed by the Russian government and denounced by Zelenskyy as "pro-Russia", with officials noting that people who had been murdered or forcibly deported by Russia would be unable to vote.[30][31][32]

Musk appeared to be "transmitting a message" for Putin, according to foreign affairs specialist Fiona Hill.[33][34][35] In Politico's interview with Hill, she said that Musk's suggestion that Kherson and Zaporizhzhia be up for negotiation, and that the water supply for Crimea be secured, was "so specific that this clearly is a message from Putin". Musk previously made a similar suggestion at a September event in Aspen, Colorado. Hill told Politico, "Putin plays the egos of big men, gives them a sense that they can play a role. But in reality, they're just direct transmitters of messages from Vladimir Putin".[33][34][35]

In an email newsletter, Ian Bremmer, head of Eurasia Group, a political-risk consultancy, said that Musk told him that he had spoken directly with Putin, which Musk denied in a reply on Twitter. Musk claimed he had spoken to Putin only once 18 months prior, on a space-related subject matter. Bremmer later took to Twitter to say Musk had told him of the discussion with Putin two weeks earlier. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called it "untrue", claiming Musk and Putin had only spoken about a year and a half before.[36][37][38][39] In 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk and Putin had been in regular contact since 2022.[40] Peskov again stated that Musk and Putin have only had one telephone call in which they discussed "space as well as current and future technologies."[41]

Since the Russian invasion in early 2022, Ukraine has been reliant on Musk's Starlink satellite internet service for communications.[42] In 2023, Ukraine requested Musk enable Starlink up to Crimea for use in a counterattack against the Russian fleet in Sevastopol, from which missiles and drones have been launched towards Ukraine.[43] Musk denied the request, expressing concerns about escalation.[44][43] Musk's stance has been criticized in Ukraine because of the effect it had on their battlefield strategy.[45] The New York Times underscored that Musk's actions had directly impacted Ukraine's attempts to defend itself and reclaim its territory.[45][46]

Musk has repeatedly expressed concern that a protracted war between Russia and Ukraine could lead to the use of nuclear weapons and the outbreak of World War III.[47][48][49]

In October 2023, Musk used a meme on X to mock Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy and U.S. aid being sent to Ukraine. "So you have bought social media to bully people who are dying because [they] love freedom," Ukrainian stand-up comedian Anton Tymoshenko wrote in response.[50][51]

Taiwan

[edit]

In October 2022, Musk suggested that Taiwan should become "a special administrative zone" of China with an "arrangement that's more lenient than Hong Kong" during an interview with the Financial Times.[52] The proposal drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[53] Wang Ting-yu [zh] of the Democratic Progressive Party posted on Facebook that "Musk's solution is all about victim concessions."[54] Chen Shih-chung commented that "Elon Musk has brought about revolutionary change through Tesla and SpaceX, even aiding Ukraine against the Russian dictatorship through Starlink," and "I'm calling on Elon to hold himself to the same democratic values regarding Taiwan."[55] Chinese Ambassador to the United States Qin Gang thanked Musk for his suggestion adding "Provided that China's sovereignty, security and development interests are guaranteed, after reunification Taiwan will enjoy a high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region, and a vast space for development." Representative of Taiwan to the United States Hsiao Bi-khim said that "our freedom and democracy are not for sale."[56] Shortly after Musk's comments, China gave Tesla a tax break.[57]

During an interview with CNBC in May 2023, Musk remarked that "The official policy of China is that Taiwan should be integrated... One does not need to read between the lines. One can simply read the lines. There's a certain inevitability to the situation."[58] Taiwan's Foreign Minister Joseph Wu tweeted at Musk in response, saying in part that China's "expansionist policy violates rules-based international order & the status quo. Mr. @ElonMusk, other than money, there is something we call VALUES." The China Daily ran the headline "Elon Musk: Taiwan should be integrated" following the interview.[59] In September 2023, at the All-In Summit in Los Angeles, Musk again stated that Taiwan was part of China likening it to Hawaii. He again received significant criticism from Taiwan[60][61] with Foreign Minister Wu tweeting that Taiwan was not for sale and adding "Hope Elon Musk can also ask the CCP to open X to its people. Perhaps he thinks banning it is a good policy, like turning off Starlink to thwart Ukraine's counterstrike against Russia."[62][63] US congressmen Andy Ogles and Randy Weber published an open letter challenging Musk's interpretation of history and his exposure to the CCP.[64]

Israel–Hamas war

[edit]

In a YouTube podcast interview on November 10, 2023, Musk criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, saying that Hamas "wanted to commit the worst atrocities that they could in order to provoke the most aggressive response possible from Israel." He added that "if you are not going to just outright commit a genocide, which will and should obviously not be acceptable by anyone, then you are going to leave a lot of people alive who subsequently hate Israel."[65]

On November 17, 2023, Musk announced a policy change on the X platform, stating that users who use terms like "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea," or similar expressions that, according to him, imply genocide of the Jewish people in Israel, will be suspended.[66]

Politics

[edit]

Canada convoy protest

[edit]

On January 27, 2022, Musk tweeted "Canadian truckers rule", endorsing the Canada convoy protest, branded as the "Freedom Convoy" by its organizers.[67][68] Musk tweeted extensively in support of the protest, which began as a denunciation of COVID-19 vaccine mandates for truck drivers crossing the Canada–United States border, but morphed into being against COVID-19 restrictions in general.[69]

On February 16, 2022, apparently supporting the protest, Musk tweeted and later deleted a meme comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler. Trudeau's government had recently invoked the Emergencies Act to cut funding to the convoy protest, which was founded and internationally funded by far-right activists.[70][71] The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum accused Musk of exploiting the tragedy of the Holocaust, and the American Jewish Committee asked Musk to apologize.[72][73]

Free speech

[edit]
Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
 Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

My commitment to free speech extends even to not banning the account following my plane, even though that is a direct personal safety risk

November 6, 2022[74]

In 2022, Musk refused to block Russian state media on SpaceX's Starlink satellites in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, calling himself "a free speech absolutist."[75] On April 14, 2022, Musk made an offer to buy Twitter, saying "I invested in Twitter as I believe in its potential to be the platform for free speech around the globe, and I believe free speech is a societal imperative for a functioning democracy".[76] Musk identified his definition of free speech as "that which matches the law", advocating that corporate censorship of speech should not go significantly beyond minimum legal requirements, but that lawful censorship requests should be upheld.[77][78]

Since Musk's acquisition, Twitter has increased its approval of censorship requests by governments.[79][80][81][82][83] During the 2023 Turkish presidential election, Twitter limited access to content in Turkey. Reports indicated that affected accounts were those critical of incumbent president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, including political opponents and journalists.[82][83][84] Musk defended this move by stating that the alternative would have been to "throttle [Twitter] in its entirety"[82][83][84] and claimed it was "par for the course for all Internet companies".[83][84] Twitter has also censored tweets and blocked accounts that are critical of India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party, with Musk stating that "Twitter doesn't have a choice but to obey local governments".[78]

Musk stated that Truth Social "exists because Twitter censored free speech," noting the application's rank in popularity above Twitter and TikTok in the Apple store at the time.[77] (Trump created the alt-tech platform after Twitter banned him for inciting violence following the 2021 United States Capitol attack.[77]) On May 10, 2022, Musk called Twitter's decision to ban Trump "morally wrong", and said that he will reverse Trump's ban when he buys Twitter.[85] On November 19, 2022, following a Twitter poll which resulted in 51.8% of over 15 million votes in favor of reversing the ban, he unbanned Trump.[86]

In November 2022, Musk tweeted that he was so committed to free speech that he would not ban @ElonJet, a Twitter account that tracked the publicly available real-time flight data of Musk's private plane. Musk reversed his position the next month, banning the account and several journalists who had reported on it, accusing them of doxxing. He also announced that he would take legal action against @ElonJet.[87][88]

Musk has been accused of trying to silence some critics' speech.[89][90][91][92][93] In 2021, Tesla reportedly asked the Chinese government to block some social media posts that were critical of Tesla.[94] Twitter has filed strategic lawsuits against public participation for some U.S. critics,[95][96][97] and it is facing a speech-related case involving a critic in Germany.[98] Musk has also called for several of his critics to be criminally prosecuted.[99]

Gun rights

[edit]

In the aftermath of the Uvalde school shooting, Musk said that he supports "tight background checks" on all gun purchases. He also said that he supports limiting the sale of assault rifles to those living in "high risk" locations with issues such as "gang warfare" and to owners of gun ranges, adding that "Assault rifles should at minimum require a special permit, where the recipient is extremely well vetted". However, Musk said that he "strongly" believed "that the right to bear arms is an important safeguard against potential tyranny of government. Historically, maintaining their power over the people is why those in power did not allow public ownership of guns".[100]

Capital punishment

[edit]

After several hospitals and clinics in the United States were attacked by a cyberattack on August 4, 2023, and emergency rooms had to be shut down,[101] Elon Musk agreed to a tweet that the perpetrators "Absolutely" should receive the death penalty.[102]

In 2024, Musk tweeted his support for the death penalty again.[103]

Political parties and the US in general

[edit]
See also: SpaceX
Musk (right) and President Barack Obama at the Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40, launch site of the SpaceX Falcon 9, 2010
Musk (right) and President Barack Obama at the Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40, launch site of the SpaceX Falcon 9, 2010
Musk with Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence in 2020

In 2014, Musk described himself politically as "half Democrat, half Republican" and "I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative."[104] In 2018, he stated that he was "not a conservative. I'm registered independent [and] politically moderate."[105] He stated in 2022 that he had "voted overwhelmingly for Democrats, historically" but intended to vote Republican in an upcoming election.[106]

Prompted by the emergence of artificial intelligence, Musk has voiced support for a universal basic income;[8] he additionally backs direct democracy and has stated he thinks the government on Mars will be a direct democracy.[107][108] He has described himself as a "socialist"[undue weight? – discuss] but "not the kind that shifts resources from most productive to least productive";[109] he later clarified not to take this tweet too seriously.[110][111] He supports targeting an inclusive tax rate of 40%; prefers consumption taxes to income taxes; and supports the estate tax, as the "probability of progeny being equally excellent at capital allocation is not high."[112]

In an interview with The Washington Post, Musk stated he was a "significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats", but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement in order to have a voice in the United States government.[113][114] A 2012 report from the Sunlight Foundation, a nonpartisan group that tracks government spending, found that since 2002, SpaceX had spent more than $4 million on lobbying the United States Congress and more than $800,000 in political contributions to Democrats and Republicans. As for Musk specifically, the same report said that "SpaceX's campaign to win political support has been systematic and sophisticated," and that "unlike most tech-startups, SpaceX has maintained a significant lobbying presence in Washington almost since day 1." and that "Musk himself has donated roughly $725,000 to various campaigns since 2002. In 2004, he contributed $2,000 to President George W. Bush's reelection campaign, maxing out (over $100,000)[115] to Barack Obama's reelection campaign and donated $5,000 to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who represents Florida, a state critical to the space industry. [...] All told, Musk and SpaceX gave out roughly $250,000 in the 2012 election cycle."[113][116]

Musk has described the United States as "[inarguably] the greatest country that has ever existed on Earth," describing it as "the greatest force for good of any country that's ever been." Musk believes democracy would not exist any longer if not for the United States, saying that it prevented this disappearance on three occasions through its participation in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. Musk also stated that he thinks "it would be a mistake to say the United States is perfect, it certainly is not. There have been many foolish things the United States has done and bad things the United States has done."[117]

In September 2021, in response to Texas Governor Greg Abbott saying that Musk supported Texas' "social policies", Musk tweeted "In general, I believe government should rarely impose its will upon the people, and, when doing so, should aspire to maximize their cumulative happiness" and "That said, I would prefer to stay out of politics".[118]

In November 2021, Musk was criticized after mocking US Senator Bernie Sanders on Twitter: Sanders had posted a message on Twitter saying "We must demand that the extremely wealthy pay their fair share. Period." and Musk had replied: "I keep forgetting that you're still alive."[119][120][121]

Race and white nationalism

[edit]

In February 2023, following racist comments from cartoonist Scott Adams in which he described Black people as a hate group and encouraged racial segregation,[122] Musk accused the media of being racist against Whites and Asians and agreed with a tweet saying that "Adams' comments weren't good" but that there was "an element of truth to it".[123]

In May 2023, Musk attacked George Soros on Twitter after the investor sold a small stake in Tesla. Musk compared Soros to the Jewish supervillain Magneto. When his comment was criticized by another Twitter user who said that Soros had good intentions, Musk responded "You assume they are good intentions. They are not. He wants to erode the very fabric of civilization. Soros hates humanity." The Anti-Defamation League criticized the tweets as antisemitic, noting that Soros had long been the target of conspiracy theories, and claimed that the tweets would embolden extremists.[124] A member of the Israeli Foreign Ministry criticized Musk and Twitter for not combating antisemitism on the platform.[125][126] The minister of Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs defended Musk stating that "Criticism of Soros [...] is anything but anti-Semitism."[127][128] In an interview following the criticism Musk denied being antisemitic but also asserted that "I'll say what I want, and if the consequence of that is losing money, so be it." When pressed on the antisemitic elements of his comments Musk replied "I'm a pro-Semite, if anything."[129]

In August 2023, Musk criticized the "Kill the Boer" song which was sung by Julius Malema during a rally for the far-left South African party Economic Freedom Fighters. He claimed that the song was a pushing for a White genocide.[130] Malema replied on Twitter stating "O bolela masepa" ("You are talking shit").[131]

The Artist Formerly Known as Eric Twitter
@breakingbaht

Okay.

Jewish communities have been pushing the exact kind of dialectical hatred against whites that they claim to want people to stop using against them.

I'm deeply disinterested in giving the tiniest shit now about western Jewish populations coming to the disturbing realization that those hordes of minorities that support flooding their country don't exactly like them too much.

You want truth said to your face, there it is.

Nov 15, 2023[132]

Charles Weber Twitter
@CWBOCA

To the cowards hiding behind the anonymity of the internet and posting "Hitler was right":

You got something you want to say? Why dont you say it to our faces…

Nov 15, 2023[133]

Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 X logo, a stylized letter X

@breakingbaht You have said the actual truth

Nov 15, 2023[74]

In September 2023, Musk assured Benjamin Netanyahu that he was against antisemitism.[134] On 28 September 2023, Musk discussed the issues online with a panel of right-leaning Jewish leaders including former Israeli president Reuven Rivlin, attorney Alan Dershowitz, who represented Donald Trump in his first impeachment trial as well as several Rabbis including Shmuley Boteach, where Musk denied allegations of antisemitism and cited the suspension of Kanye West as an example of enforcement on his platform. The group also criticized the ADL's criticism of Musk.[135]

In October 2023, an X user complained that the Charlottesville's Robert E. Lee statue, which was the focus of the white supremacist Unite the Right rally, was melted down by foundry workers. The user, who claimed to be a relative of the general, lamented, saying that "my kind is hated" and "many seek our extinction." Elon agreed with the user: "They absolutely want your extinction."[136]

On November 15, 2023, Musk posted a response agreeing with an antisemitic tweet accusing Jews of promoting "hatred against whites," writing "You have said the actual truth."[17] Following this, Musk said it was "super messed-up" that white people are not "allowed to be proud of their race."[18] He was condemned by the White House for his post, described as a "hideous lie".[137] Musk later acknowledged the tweet as a mistake, saying "I handed a loaded gun to those who hate me and to those who are antisemitic and for that I am quite sorry."[138] Musk described his tweet as "one of the most foolish, if not the most foolish, thing I've done".[139][140]

Musk wrote that he doesn't believe that "all Jewish communities" promote dialectical hatred towards white people but said the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) "unjustly attacks the majority of the West, despite the majority of the West supporting the Jewish people and Israel. This is because they cannot, by their own tenets, criticize the minority groups who are their primary threat. I am deeply offended by ADL's messaging and any other groups who push de facto anti-white racism or anti-Asian racism or racism of any kind."[141] He also tweeted that his criticism of Jews applies to more groups than just the ADL, "You right that this does not extend to all Jewish communities, but it is also not just limited to ADL".[142] At the DealBook Summit on November 29, 2023, journalist Andrew Ross Sorkin questioned Musk about the withdrawal of advertisers from X following his recent posts. Musk said in response, "I hope they stop. Don't advertise" and "If somebody is going to try to blackmail me with advertising, blackmail me with money, go fuck yourself. Go fuck yourself. Is that clear? I hope it is."[143][144][145][146]

In August 2024, Musk entered controversy after sharing a meme "alleged to be Islamophobic".[147] He subsequently feuded with First Minister of Scotland Humza Yousaf, who called him "one of the most dangerous men on the planet" and "a dangerous race baiter who must be held to account for his actions." Musk responded that Yousaf is a racist "scumbag" who "loathes white people". Following rumors of Yousaf considering legal action, Musk dared him.[147][148]

US presidents and presidential candidates

[edit]

Before the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, Musk criticized Trump by saying: "I feel a bit stronger that he is probably not the right guy. He doesn't seem to have the sort of character that reflects well on the United States."[149] Following Trump's inauguration, Musk expressed approval of Trump's choice of Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State and accepted an invitation to participate in two councils advising the president.[150][151] Regarding his cooperation with Trump, Musk subsequently commented: "The more voices of reason that the President hears, the better."[152] He resigned from both business advisory councils in June 2017 after only a few months, in protest of Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change, stating: "Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world".[153][154] In January 2017, Musk criticized Trump's travel ban, saying "The blanket entry ban on citizens from certain primarily Muslim countries is not the best way to address the country's challenges".[15] In May 2020, amidst Musk's restarting of Tesla assembly plant production during the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump tweeted in support of Musk, which Musk welcomed and publicly thanked him for on Twitter.[155][156]

Musk said he voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[157] In July 2022, Donald Trump alleged that Musk had told him he voted for him in 2016, referred to Musk as a "bullshit artist", and called Musk's contract with Twitter "rotten".[158] Musk denied telling Trump that he had voted for him, said it is "time for Trump to hang up his hat & sail into the sunset" and said that Trump would be "too old to be chief executive of anything, let alone the United States of America."[15][159] Afterwards, Trump said on Truth Social that "When Elon Musk came to the White House asking me for help on all of his many subsidized projects, whether it's electric cars that don't drive long enough, driverless cars that crash, or rocketships to nowhere, without which subsidies he'd be worthless, and telling me how he was a big Trump fan and Republican, I could have said, 'drop to your knees and beg,' and he would have done it". Trump also said on Truth Social that "Now Elon should focus on getting himself out of the Twitter mess because he could owe $44 billion for something that's perhaps worthless. Also, lots of competition for electric cars!".[15][160] Afterwards, Musk tweeted "Lmaooo" in response to another Twitter user who posted a screenshot of Trump's comments and responded with a GIF of Grampa Simpson yelling at clouds.[15][161] According to Walter Isaacson's biography of Musk that was released in 2023, he apparently did not vote in the 2020 presidential election since he believed that it was a waste of time to vote due to California being an uncontested state.[162]

In August 2019, Musk tweeted in support of the 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang, whose platform revolved around job displacement caused by automation and artificial intelligence. Musk tweeted that universal basic income, which Yang supports, is "obviously needed".[163] Musk went on to voice support for Kanye West's independent run for president in July 2020.[164]

In September 2021, following the launch of Inspiration4, Musk mocked President Joe Biden when asked why Biden had not yet congratulated the SpaceX mission and its civilian crew.[165]

In May 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats, saying that "they have become the party of division & hate" and would be voting Republican due to Biden's support for unions and his inability to "get a lot done".[15][166] In June 2022, Musk voted for Mayra Flores in a special election, stating it was the first time he ever voted Republican.[167] In November 2022, Musk tweeted that he would support Ron DeSantis in the 2024 United States presidential election if he chose to run.[168]

On 13 July 2024, shortly after the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, he stated: "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."[169] It is reported that he also pledged the commitment of about $45 million a month to a pro-Trump super PAC.[170][171] On 15 September 2024, following another attempted assassination of Trump, Musk wrote: "And no one is even trying to assassinate Biden/Kamala".[172] After receiving backlash, Musk deleted the post, stating: "One lesson I've learned is that just because I say something to a group and they laugh doesn't mean it's going to be all that hilarious as a post on X."[173][174][175]

In October 2024, at a rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Musk declared the presidential election crucial for preserving democracy, stating that Donald Trump was the only candidate capable of achieving this. Wearing a black "Make America Great Again" cap, he warned that if Trump lost, it might be the last election. This marked Musk's first appearance at a Trump event. Musk positioned Trump as a champion of free speech, accusing Democrats of threatening various rights, including the right to vote.[176] Trump has enjoyed Elon Musk's support, noting that "He's a little different, but he is one smart cookie. Sends the rocket ships up."[177]

Women

[edit]

Musk has circulated content on Twitter with the comment "Interesting observation" to rhetoric declaring that "women and low T men" are not able to think freely because they "can't defend themselves physically [...] The only people who can think freely are "high T alpha males and aneurotypical people [...] this is why a Republic of high status males is best for decision making. Democratic, but a democracy only for those who are free to think."[178]

Women In technology

[edit]

In October 2021, Musk joked on Twitter that he would start a new university named Texas Institute of Technology and Science, which corresponds to the acronym TITS.[179][180][181] Musk added, "it will have epic merch, universally admired".[179] Cher Scarlett, a software engineer and one of the leaders of the #AppleToo anti-harassment group at Apple, accused Musk of contributing to a systemic problem where women in technology companies are being sexualized by male colleagues, originating from executives at the top influencing the company culture downwards.[179] Jessica Barraza, a Tesla production associate who filed a lawsuit for sexual harassment incidents that were corroborated by The Washington Post, said that Tesla's male-majority workplace culture—described in the lawsuit as resembling an archaic construction site or frat house, with frequent groping on the factory floor—is bred at the top of the company; she cited Musk's "tits" tweet as setting an example for workers at the Tesla factory that is unfair to women who work there.[182][181][180]

Transgender issues

[edit]

Musk's views on transgender issues have provoked controversy.[183] Musk had expressed support for the LGBT community in past interviews, and stated in 2020 that Tesla had achieved an LGBTQ equality score of 100/100 in the Corporate Equality Index for seven straight years.[184]

In July 2020, Musk made headlines when he tweeted "Pronouns suck." The tweet was interpreted by The Independent as a slight to preferred gender pronouns,[185] and was criticized by many, including LGBT advocacy group Human Rights Campaign and Musk's then partner Grimes.[184] In a later tweet, Musk stated that "I absolutely support trans, but all these pronouns are an esthetic nightmare."[185] In December 2022, Musk again mocked preferred gender pronouns in a tweet that read "My Pronouns are Prosecute/Fauci." Charlie Warzel of The Atlantic opined that this tweet revealed Musk as a far-right activist.[186]

Musk's daughter, Vivian Jenna Wilson, transitioned and changed her name by June 2022, no longer wishing to be associated with her father. Walter Isaacson's biography of Musk, published in September 2023, claims that his right-wing political leanings were "partially triggered" by his daughter's transition.[187][188]

Following Musk's takeover of Twitter – now X – in October 2022, the platform has seen an increase in hate speech toward the LGBT community, for which he has received criticism.[189][190] In April 2023, Twitter quietly removed a policy prohibiting targeted deadnaming and misgendering of transgender users.[191] In June 2023, Musk deemed the word cisgender a slur, stating that it violated Twitter's conduct policy.[192] In January 2024, he further declared that cisgender is a "heterophobic" word,[193] despite the fact that it does not refer to heterosexual people.[194]

In June 2023, What Is a Woman?, a controversial documentary about transgender issues that was initially flagged by Twitter as hate speech, went viral after Musk personally promoted it and pinned it to his profile.[195] Twitter's head of Trust and Safety resigned following the incident.[196] Musk has expressed opposition to gender-affirming care for minors and has stated he will be "actively lobbying to criminalize" such care.[197]

In 2024 Musk said that he would be moving the headquarters of SpaceX and Twitter from California to Texas due to a law which establishes conditions under which a school would be allowed to not inform a child's parents of that child's desire to be known by other pronouns.[198][199]

Immigration

[edit]

In the past, Musk has regularly criticized American and European immigration policies. Musk has faced accusations of being "anti-immigration" or distributing false information on immigration,[200] despite being an immigrant himself, and consistently and publicly voicing support for immigration reform and increased and expedited legal immigration.[201]

U.S. immigration policies

[edit]

Especially since the inauguration of the Biden administration in 2021, Musk has expressed various disapprovals of its immigration policies, regularly criticizing illegal immigration and the crimes allegedly committed by them. He also blamed the increase in illegal immigration on the alleged goal of "importing voters," which many media outlets deemed false since foreign nationals cannot vote in national U.S. elections.[200] Musk clarified his view that votes are coming from counting illegal immigrants during census, which shifts the proportion of seats in the House of Representatives toward states with large number of illegals, with such states predominantly voting for Democrats.[202]

In September 2023, he also livestreamed a visit to the Texas border with Mexico during a large increase in migrant arrivals. Musk called for improving the immigration system to allow more "hard-working and honest" migrants, while also stopping illegal migrants who are breaking the law.[203]

In a X post in March 2024, Musk tried to clarify his views on immigration, stating he is not "anti-immigrant" and actually in favor of increasing legal immigration "for anyone who is talented, hard-working and honest".[204]

Europe

[edit]

In September 2023, Musk retweeted a video that showed a non-governmental organization working to assist migrants in the Mediterranean with the caption, "there are currently 8 German NGO ships in the Mediterranean Sea collecting illegal immigrants to be unloaded in Italy. These NGOs are subsidized by the German government. Let's hope AfD wins the elections to stop this European suicide." Musk's retweet bore the caption "Is the German public aware of this?" to which the German Foreign Ministry responded "Yes. And it's called saving lives." Musk responded to the Foreign Ministry "So you're actually proud of it." his tweet continued "Interesting. Frankly, I doubt that a majority of the German public supports this. Have you run a poll? Surely it is a violation of the sovereignty of Italy for Germany to transport vast numbers of illegal immigrants to Italian soil? Has invasion vibes."[205][206][207] German politicians including Jan Philip Albrecht claimed Musk was endorsing the AfD but Musk denied any support for the AfD.[208]

Labor rights

[edit]
See also: Tesla and unions

Musk has been critical of trade unions.[15]

Presidential candidate Donald Trump stated that he supported Musk's policies of union-busting during an interview with Musk. The United Auto Workers later filed federal labor charges against Trump and Musk.[209][210][211]

Voting Rights

[edit]

Musk supports Voter ID laws.[212]

Science and technology

[edit]

Artificial intelligence

[edit]
Musk at UK's AI safety summit at Bletchley Park, November 2023

Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence, calling it "the most serious threat to the survival of the human race". During a 2014 interview at the MIT AeroAstro Centennial Symposium, Musk described artificial intelligence as humanity's largest existential threat, further stating, "I'm increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight, maybe at the national and international level, just to make sure that we don't do something very foolish." Musk described the creation of AI as "summoning the demon".[213][214]

Despite this, Musk co-founded and was formerly co-chairman of OpenAI, invested in DeepMind, an AI firm, and Vicarious, a company working to improve machine intelligence.[215] In January 2015, he donated $10 million to the nonprofit Future of Life Institute, an organization focused on challenges posed by advanced technologies, and is an advisor to the organisation.[216] Musk has said that his investments are "not from the standpoint of actually trying to make any investment return... I like to just keep an eye on what's going on with artificial intelligence. I think there is potentially a dangerous outcome there. There have been movies about this, you know, like Terminator. There are some scary outcomes. And we should try to make sure the outcomes are good, not bad."[215]

Musk later criticised OpenAI for becoming closed-sourced and for-profit, and accusing its chatbot ChatGPT of political bias. In March 2023, he signed an open letter calling for a pause on large-scale AI experiments, citing profound risks for society.[217]

Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy and have been criticized by experts such as Yann LeCun, who claimed Musk's panic was influenced by reading Nick Bostrom's book Superintelligence, and by Musk's attraction to the idea that he will save humanity.[218][219] Facebook's head of AI Jerome Pesenti said that Musk "has no idea what he's talking about when he talks about AI." He noted that Musk's comments about a future machine takeover distracts people from real, immediate AI concerns, such as AI algorithms exacerbating inequality.[220] Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is "not always looked upon favorably" by the AI research community.[219][221][218] Mark Zuckerberg has clashed with Musk on the issue and called his AI warnings "pretty irresponsible".[222][223][224]

In 2016, when asked whether he thinks humans live in a computer simulation, perhaps controlled by a vast AI, Musk stated that "the odds that we're in 'base reality' is one in billions."[225] Harvard physicist Lisa Randall disputes this and has argued the probability of our living in a simulation is "effectively zero".[226]

The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF), a Washington, D.C. think-tank, awarded its Annual Luddite Award to "alarmists touting an artificial intelligence apocalypse"; its president, Robert D. Atkinson, complained that Musk and others say AI is the largest existential threat to humanity. Atkinson stated "That's not a very winning message if you want to get AI funding out of Congress to the National Science Foundation."[227][228][229] Nature, referring to the award, said that "concerns over AI are not simply fear-mongering" and concluded: "It is crucial that progress in technology is matched by solid, well-funded research to anticipate the scenarios it could bring about ... If that is a Luddite perspective, then so be it."[230]

Public transport

[edit]
Musk with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Tesla Fremont Factory in 2015

At a Tesla event on the sidelines of the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems in December 2017, Musk stated that:

I think public transport is painful. It sucks. Why do you want to get on something with a lot of other people, that doesn't leave where [sic] you want it to leave, doesn't start where you want it to start, doesn't end where you want it to end? And it doesn't go all the time. [...] It's a pain in the ass. That's why everyone doesn't like it. And there's like a bunch of random strangers, one of who might be a serial killer, OK, great. And so that's why people like individualized transport, that goes where you want, when you want.[231]

Afterwards, he dismissed an audience member's response that public transportation functioned effectively in Japan.[232][233] His comments sparked widespread criticism from both members of the public and transit experts. Urban planning expert Brent Toderian started the hashtag #GreatThingsThatHappenedonTransit which was widely adopted by Twitter users in order to dispel Musk's notion that everybody hated public transport.[232][234][235] Yonah Freemark, an urbanist and journalist specializing in planning and transportation, summarized Musk's views on public transport as "It's terrible. You might be killed. Japanese trains are awful. Individualized transport for everyone! Congestion? Induced demand? Climate change impacts? Unwalkable streets? Who cares!"[231]

Jarrett Walker, a public transport expert, said that "Musk's hatred of sharing space with strangers is a luxury (or pathology) that only the rich can afford", referring to the theory that planning a city around the preferences of a minority yields an outcome that usually does not work for the majority.[236][237] Musk responded with "You're an idiot", later saying "Sorry ... Meant to say 'sanctimonious idiot'."[238][237] The exchange received a significant amount of media attention and prompted Nobel laureate Paul Krugman to comment on the controversy, saying that "You're an idiot" is "Elon Musk's idea of a cogent argument".[236][239]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

Musk has received criticism over his views on and actions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[240] In early 2020, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold", stated that "the coronavirus panic is dumb",[241][242][243][244] and that the "danger of panic still far exceeds danger of corona imo. If we over-allocate medical resources to corona, it will come at expense of treating other illnesses".[245][246] Musk has additionally been criticized for tweeting contentious claims on the disease, including that "Kids are essentially immune, but elderly with existing conditions are vulnerable", which he accompanied with a graphic showing that no children had died in Italy by March 15[247][248][249] and for saying "Based on current trends, probably close to zero new cases in US too by end of April."[240][250][251][252] In addition, he promoted articles which suggested that healthcare companies were inflating COVID-19 case numbers for financial reasons, promoted a paper on the benefits of chloroquine that was subsequently widely discredited and pulled down by Google, and retweeted a video which called for an immediate end to social distancing measures, adding "[d]ocs make good points".[253][254]

When the Alameda County Sheriff ordered all non-essential businesses to shut down, Musk and Tesla initially refused to comply, arguing that vehicle manufacturing and energy infrastructure are critical sectors, citing the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.[255][256] Musk called the lockdown "fascist" on a Tesla earnings call, stating:

So, the extension of the shelter-in-place, and frankly I would call it forcibly imprisoning people in their homes against all their constitutional rights — my opinion — and erasing people's freedoms in ways that are horrible and wrong, and not why people came to America or built this country.[257]

Musk later sent out numerous tweets opposing mandatory lockdowns such as "FREE AMERICA NOW."[258] On May 11, Musk reopened Tesla's Fremont production line in defiance and violation of Alameda County's orders and tweeted that "Tesla is restarting production today against Alameda County rules. I will be on the line with everyone else. If anyone is arrested, I ask that it only be me."[259] Musk also announced that Tesla would be moving its headquarters to Texas or Nevada and that Tesla had filed a lawsuit against Alameda County challenging its "shutdown" of the Fremont factory; the suit was subsequently withdrawn.[260][261] The Alameda County Public Health Department explained it was waiting on a plan that Tesla had promised to provide by May 11 that would walk through how it would protect workers' health during the COVID-19 pandemic.[262] An opening date of Monday, May 18 had been penciled in for Tesla, pending approval — the same date that Fiat Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors were also due to restart production.[262]

In March 2020, in response to a request to repurpose the Tesla factory to make urgently needed ventilators, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators "if there is a shortage".[263][264][265] When Nate Silver responded that there was a current shortage, Musk replied, "Ventilators are not difficult, but cannot be produced instantly. Which hospitals have these shortages you speak of right now?"[265] After figures such as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio highlighted their hospitals' ventilator shortage and responded to Musk's offer, Musk said he thought the ventilators which Tesla was working on would probably be unneeded.[263] A week later, Musk tweeted, "We will give away all our ventilators, whether we buy them or build them."[266] He received widespread requests from dignitaries around the world,[267] including the Ukrainian Health minister,[268] Bolivia's Ambassador for Science and Technology to Silicon Valley,[269] and Nigeria's Ministry of Finance.[270] When asked about what they received from Musk, California hospital representatives noted that they received CPAP machines made by ResMed instead and not "full ventilators," though they expressed gratitude nonetheless.[271][272][273]

On November 16, 2020, the phrase "Space Karen" began to trend on Twitter after a scientist referred to Musk as such, over comments Musk made questioning the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing and suggested Musk "didn't read up on the test" before complaining.[274][275][276] Musk was also accused by virologist Angela Rasmussen of spreading misinformation about the virus.[277] On November 14, he wrote on Twitter that he had "most likely" contracted COVID-19, referring to the virus as "a type of cold".[278] In December 2020, Politico named Musk's prediction that there would be "close to zero new cases" of COVID-19 by April one of "the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications about the year".[279]

In December 2022, Musk tweeted "My pronouns are Prosecute/Fauci", which drew responses from US lawmakers.[280][281][282] In February 2023, he praised anti-vaxx comments made by Woody Harrelson during Saturday Night Live.[283]

Patents

[edit]

Musk has been consistently critical of patents, which according to him "serve merely to stifle progress, entrench the positions of giant corporations and enrich those in the legal profession, rather than the actual inventors."[284] Under Musk's leadership, Tesla, Inc. has opened its patents to being used by competitors under certain conditions.[285]

Space

[edit]

Musk has long been an advocate for space colonization, especially the colonization of Mars.[286] As early as 2001, Elon became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars because that would make humanity an interplanetary species which would lower the risks of human extinction.[287] In 2002 he left the Mars Society and began focusing on his own initiatives.[287]

He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[288] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[289][290] saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[291]

Social Media

[edit]

In 2024 Musk opposed an Australian plan to fine social media sites which enabled misinformation on their platforms. Musk called the Australian government “fascists” which led Government Services Minister Bill Shorten to say “Elon Musk’s had more positions on free speech than the Kama Sutra."[292]

In 2024 Musk opposed a plan in Australia to limit social media access for those under 16 with Musk commenting that it “Seems like a backdoor way to control access to the Internet by all Australians.”[293]

TikTok

[edit]

Musk told BBC News in an April 2023 interview that he was against banning TikTok in the United States, although he argued that a ban would increase Twitter's active users.[294]

Wikipedia

[edit]

In 2019, Musk described the Wikipedia entry about him as "insane" and complained that it was a "war zone with a zillion edits."[295] In 2020, he encouraged his Twitter followers to "trash" the page, which led to the article being locked.[296]

In April 2022, Musk tweeted: "They say history is written by the victors, but not on Wikipedia if the losing party is still alive & has lots of time on their hands!", likely referring to Tesla co-founder Martin Eberhard, who at the time was listed on Wikipedia as one of Tesla's two co-founders.[297]

In December 2022, Musk responded to the December 2022 Twitter suspensions Wikipedia entry—once named "Thursday Night Massacre"—by saying, "A two day suspension of maybe 7 accounts for doxxing got an actual Wikipedia page!? Wikipedia is controlled by the MSM [mainstream media] journalists. Can't trust that site anymore."[298] In response, the Wikimedia Foundation changed a message appealing for donations to "Wikipedia is not for sale … Being a non-profit means there is no danger that someone will buy Wikipedia and turn it into their personal playground", likely referring to Musk's acquisition of Twitter.[299] In October 2023, Musk criticized Wikipedia as "inherently hierarchical and therefore subject to the biases of higher ranking editors."[300] In response to the funding appeal from Jimmy Wales advertising that "Wikipedia is not for Sale", Musk offered $1 billion in funding if Wikipedia changed its name to "Dickipedia".[300][301] In October 2024, Musk stated the website "is controlled by far-left activists" and discouraged donations to it.[302][303]

Streaming services

[edit]

In February 2022, Musk tweeted a "Pirate Bay-themed" meme post suggesting that "Entertainment is becoming a username/password/2FA nightmare."[304] TorrentFreak has speculated that he may have been disillusioned with the fact that with the abundance of streaming services, subscribers are already constrained with jumping from one streaming service to another, increasing their prospects of consuming illegal downloads as an alternative. While the torrent-oriented blog site has also suggested that this "cryptic criticism" would likely gain support from pirates, it added that Musk "could just be annoyed by the fact that he has to remember multiple usernames and passwords. Or he's just trolling."[304]

Finance

[edit]

Taxation

[edit]

In 2021 Musk spoke against a proposed wealth tax but said that in general he supported estate taxes.[305]

Musk is opposed to Grantor Retained Annuity Trusts.[306]

In 2024 Musk called a proposal from the British government to increase estate taxes on farms valued at more than a million pounds “going full Stalin.”[307]

Short-selling

[edit]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized[308] the practice and argued it should be illegal.[309] He has engaged with short-selling critics via social media and used Tesla merchandise as a means of mocking those who short the Tesla stock.[310] In lighter moments, Musk has openly joked with well-known short-seller David Einhorn using puns on "short" and arranged to sell commemorative short shorts on Tesla's website for $69.42.[311][312]

Subsidies

[edit]

On the topic of subsidizing renewable energy, Musk has stated that he does not believe the U.S. government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to price in the negative externality of climate change and discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences.[313][314] Musk has advocated against funding for charging stations in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, maintaining that oil and gas subsidies should also be eliminated.[315][316]

Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders accused Musk of hypocrisy for receiving "billions in corporate welfare" before opposing a $2 trillion stimulus package that included provisions for specific companies and interest groups.[317]

Conspiracy theories

[edit]

In November 2022, Musk shared a tweet with an article from a right-wing fake news website which promoted a conspiracy theory that the attack on Paul Pelosi was the result of a drunken Pelosi fighting with a male prostitute.[318][319]

In the wake of a mass shooting at an outlet mall in Allen, Texas on May 6, 2023, Musk baselessly tried to cast doubt on evidence collected by journalists regarding the shooter's political beliefs.[320] Law enforcement officers said in a press conference that the shooter, Mauricio Garcia, had "neo-Nazi ideation",[321] and large Nazi tattoos on his body, including a swastika and the SS lightning bolt logo.[322][323][324] Musk doubled down on his denial of the evidence that the shooter was a white supremacist in a CNBC interview on May 16.[129]

In early June 2023, Musk boosted a tweet promoting an antisemitic blood libel conspiracy theory about adrenochrome, frequently invoked as part of QAnon, by replying to it with a coy remark about an image of Mel Gibson in the tweet.[325][326]

In July 2023, Musk commented on Bronny James' cardiac arrest, tweeting "we cannot ascribe everything to the vaccine, but, by the same token, we cannot ascribe nothing."[327][328]

In November 2023, Musk endorsed a tweet referencing an antisemitic conspiracy theory that "hordes of minorities" are infiltrating Western countries and that Jews are "pushing hatred" against white people. The White House condemned Musk's endorsement of the tweet as "unacceptable".[329][330]

In late November 2023, Musk tweeted a meme promoting the widely discredited far-right Pizzagate conspiracy theory, which alleged that the Clintons and Democratic Party leaders ran a secret satanic child sex ring in a D.C. pizzeria known as Comet Ping Pong. After a few hours, Musk deleted the tweet.[331]

In August 2024, Musk shared a fake headline purportedly from The Daily Telegraph that promoted a conspiracy theory about "detainment camps" being built on the Falkland Islands for far-right rioters arrested during the 2024 United Kingdom riots. The fake headline was posted by Britain First leader Ashlea Simon. Musk later deleted the tweet.[332][333] Musk has promoted "two-tier policing", a far-right conspiracy theory that claims white far-right rioters are being treated more harshly by British police than minority groups.[334][335]

Other

[edit]

Destiny and religion

[edit]

In 2008, when asked whether he believed "there was some kind of destiny involved" in humanity's transition to a multi-planetary species, rather than "just physics", Musk responded:

Well, I do. Do I think that there's some sort of master intelligence architecting all of this stuff? I think probably not because then you have to say: "Where does the master intelligence come from?" So it sort of begs the question. So I think really you can explain this with the fundamental laws of physics. You know it's [a] complex phenomenon from simple elements.[336][better source needed]

In 2013, when asked whether he thought science and religion could co-exist, Musk replied "Probably not."[337]

In 2017, Musk spoke out in opposition to a plan to create a religion around a 'Godhead' artificial intelligence.[338]

Regarding SpaceX's Dragon capsule successfully splash landing into the Gulf of Mexico in 2020, Musk said that "You know, I'm not very religious but I prayed for this one".[339]

In an interview with Christian conservative satirical website The Babylon Bee in December 2021, Musk said that "I agree with the principles that Jesus advocated. There's some great wisdom in the teachings of Jesus, and I agree with those teachings."[339][better source needed][340]

In 2023, Musk said that he considered himself "aspirationally Jewish," and noted the influence that his attending a Hebrew preschool had on him.[341]

In 2024, Musk tweeted about Christianity, stating, "I believe in the principles of Christianity like love thy neighbor as thyself (have empathy for all) and turn the other cheek (end the cycle of retribution)".[340][342] In July 2024, he engaged in a viral two-hour conversation with Jordan Peterson that explored various topics, including the role of Christianity in his life. During the interview, he described himself as a "cultural Christian".[340][342][343]

Natalism

[edit]

Musk holds strong pronatalist views;[344] The Guardian has characterized Musk as "The world’s most famous pronatalist."[345] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal's CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[346] In 2022 Musk argued that "population collapse due to low birth rates is a much bigger risk to civilization than global warming." however his views on population collapse were challenged by demographers.[347]

Musk has asserted that declining birth rates pose an existential threat to humanity and has donated ten million dollars to the University of Texas at Austin to further research on the potential risks.[348] Musk has also argued that "smart" people in particular aren't having children, a view which has been criticised as too close to eugenics.[349] Musk has called Kamala Harris an "extinctionist" due to comments about young people being anxious about having kids due to climate change and that "The natural extension of her philosophy would be a de facto holocaust for all of humanity!"[350]

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[edit]
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