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Samaritan High Priest

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Family of the Samaritan High Priests, 1876. To the left is a scribe named Shalabi, to the right are Isaac the son of the High Priest Amram ben Shalma, then Abisha, the son of Amram's brother Pinehas, and finally Uzzi the son of the High Priest Yaacob ben Aaharon ben Shalma, the son of Amram's brother Aaharon.
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The Samaritan High Priest (in Samaritan Hebrew: haKa’en haGadol; in their native Palestinian Arabic: الكاهن الأكبر, romanized: al-Kāhin al-Akbar) is the High Priest (in Modern Israeli Hebrew: haKohen haGadol) of the Samaritan community in the Holy Land, who call themselves the Israelite Samaritans. According to Samaritan tradition, the office has existed continuously since the time of Aaron, the brother of Moses, and has been held by 133 priests over the last 3400 years. However, the historicity of this claim is disputed. One account by Josephus suggests that its office holders are an offshoot of the Zadokite high priests of Jerusalem from around the time of Alexander the Great.[1][2] As of 2024, the incumbent High Priest is Abdel V.

Office of the High Priest

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Duties and responsibilities

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The Samaritan High Priest has the following duties in the present:[3]

  1. He decides all religious law issues.
  2. He presides over the religious ceremonies on Mount Garizim.
  3. He validates all marriages and divorces within the Samaritan community.
  4. He annually publishes the liturgical calendar of the Samaritans.
  5. He confirms a joining of the Samaritan community.
  6. He appoints the Cantors and the Shechita of the community.
  7. He represents the Samaritan community to the outside world.

Lineage

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Since 1623/24, the office of high priest has been passed down in a family traced back to Aaron's grandson Itamar. After the death of a high priest, the office passes to the oldest male in that family, unless he has entered into a marriage that disqualifies him from the high priesthood.[3]

It appears, based upon the larger gaps in time between high priests, that several names might be missing, or that there were long periods of vacancy between priests.

The continuous lineage of Samaritan High Priests, descending directly from Aaron, through his son Eleazar, and his son Phinehas, was however disrupted in the early 17th century. In 1624, Shalma I ben Phinehas, the last Samaritan High Priest of the line of Eleazar son of Aaron died without male succession, but descendants of Aaron's other son, Ithamar, remained and took over the office.[4]

There are four families within the house of Ithamar. The Åbtå order, descended from the 113th High Priest Tsedaka ben Tabia, which has held the office of the High Priesthood since 1624; the House of Phineas a.k.a. Dār 'Åder, descended from Fīn'ās ban Yīṣ'å̄q (Phineas ben Isaac); Dār Yīṣ'å̄q, descended from Yīṣ'å̄q ban Åmrām (Isaac ben Amram); and Dār Yāqob, descended from Yāqob ban Årron (Jacob ben Aaron).

Photographs of Samaritan High Priests
  • Jacob II.
    Jacob II.
  • Jacob I.
    Jacob I.
  • Maṣliaḥ (or Abishah III.)
    Maṣliaḥ (or Abishah III.)
  • Amram IX.
    Amram IX.
  • Aaron IV.
    Aaron IV.
  • Abdel V.
    Abdel V.

List of Samaritan High Priests

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Pummer's list

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The following list gives the names and terms of office according to Reinhard Pummer.[5] Pummer uses a spelling for the name of the high priest that is based on the English Bible for the bearers of biblical names, while he chooses a more scientific transcription for the full name (last column). The traditional counting begins with the first post-biblical high priest Sheshai. It differs in order in some cases from the list prepared by Moses Gaster and Reinhard Pummer on the basis of the ancient Samaritan sources, and includes additional names (italics here).

Traditional Numbering High Priest Name Term Comments Civil name and life data
Aaron I. (אהרן) Biblical figure, brother of Moses. He is considered in the Torah to be the "ancestor of the legitimate Levitical-Aaronid priesthood."[6]
Eleazar I. (אלעזר) Biblical figure, son of Aaron and his successor as high priest.[7]
Phinehas I. (פינחס) Biblical figure, son of Eleazar. Because of his religious "zeal" he and his descendants are awarded a perpetual priesthood.[8]
Abishua I. (אבישע) According to Samaritan tradition, Aaron's great-grandson[9] is said to have written down a Pentateuch scroll that is first mentioned by Abū l'Fatḥ in the 14th century and, in a very poor state of preservation, is kept by the Samaritan community as a precious possession. The Abisha Scroll is considered the original of all Samaritan Torah scrolls.[10]
1 Sashai ben Abishua
2 Bakhi ben Sashai probably identical to the Jewish High Priest Bukki
3 Uzzi ben Sashai According to Samaritan tradition, Uzzi hid the tent sanctuary of the desert migration (Mishkan) in a cave at Garizim when the Israelites introduced the cult at Shiloh, which was illegitimate from the Samaritan point of view.[11]
4 Shashai II ben Uzzi
5 Bakhi II ben Sashai
6 Shembet ben Bakhi who served at the shrine to God at Shechem alone
7 Shalom I ben Shembet
8 Hezekiah I ben Shalom
9 Jonathan I ben Abiathar (ben Hezekiah?) According to Samaritan tradition, he is said to have been a contemporary of King David.[12] (2 Samuel 15:27), served as a messenger during Absalom's rebellion (2 Samuel 15:36, 17:17)
10 Jair I ben Jonathan
11 Daliah I
12 Jair II ben Daliah In his time the Jerusalem temple is said to have been built.[12]
13 Jonathan II ben Jair
14 Ishmael ben Jonathan
15 Tabia I This high priest is said to have been murdered by the Ishmaelites.[13]
16 Zedekiah I
17 Ahid
18 Jair III
19 Jehozadak
20 Zadok (צדוק)
21 Amram I. (עמרם)
22 Hilkiah or Hezekiah II
23 Amram II. (עמרם)
24 Akkub
25 Akkubiah I According to the Samaritan chronicler Abū l'Fatḥ (14th century), Aqabiah was a contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar II and thus of the conquest of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (587 B.C.).[14] He is said to have been led into Babylonian exile with the Israelites.[13]
26 Hillel I
27 Seriah He is said to have returned with his people from exile.[13]
28 Levi I. (לוי)
29 Netaniel I
30 Azariah In the 10th year of his high priesthood he is said to have been captured by the Chaldeans.[13]
31 Aabed-El I This high priest returned from exile; in his time the Samaritan community is said to have had 300,000 members.[13]
32 Hezekiah III
33 Hananiah
34 Amram III. (עמרם) His son is said to have married the daughter of King "Derus"; according to tradition, the Samaritans made a riot and killed both of them.[13]
35 Hillel II/Hanan This high priest is said to have married the daughter of the king of Assyria and to have been killed by the Samaritans.[15]
36 Hezekiah IV According to the Samaritan historian Abū l'Fatḥ, Hezekiah was high priest when Alexander III of Macedonia defeated the Persian king Darius.[16]
37 Daliah II
38 Akkub II
39 Akkubiah II
40 Levi II. (לוי)
41 Eleazar II
42 Manasseh the son-in-law of Sanballat the Horonite
43 Jair IV
44 Netaniel II
45 Joachim c. 4 BCE According to Samaritan tradition, Jesus of Nazareth was born during the tenure of Jehoiakim.[17]
46 Jonathan III c. 29 CE In his time Jesus is said to have been killed "in the cursed Shalem" (= Jerusalem).[15]
47 Elishama
48 Shemaiah
49 Tabia II
50 Amram IV. (עמרם)
51 Akabon I
52 Phinehas II
53 Levi III. (לוי) early 2nd century Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138 CE) is said to have shown special favors to the Samaritans in the time of the high priest Levi III.[18]
54 Eleazar III
55 Baba I. (בבא)
56 Eleazar IV
57 Akabon II
58 Netaniel III
59 Baba II Rabba c. 308–

328

The Samaritan reformer Baba Rabba was a historical figure (early 4th century CE). He organized synagogue construction, worship and community structure.[11]
60 Akabon III
61 Netaniel IV This high priest is said to have burned his maid at the stake because she fell in love with his son.[19]
62 Akabon IV
63 Eleazar V
64 Akabon V
65 Eleazar VI
66 Akabon VI late 6th century
67 Eleazar VII
68 Netaniel V early 7th century He is said to have been a contemporary of the "cursed king Zinon."[19]
69 Eleazar VIII c. 630 Abū l'Fatḥ said Muhammad lived during his tenure.[20]
70 Netaniel VI
71 Eleazar IX
72 Akabon VII This high priest was drowned in the Jordan River according to tradition.[21]
73 Eleazar X
74 Akabon VIII
75 Eleazar XI
76 Akabon IX
77 Eleazar XII
78 Simeon (שמעון) In his time, "Karozai the King of Assur" (perhaps the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I or II) is said to have enlisted many Samaritans as soldiers. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius conquered the Holy Land. Then the Ishmaelites came and conquered all the cities, and the inhabitants of Caesarea Maritima were led into captivity.[21]
79 Levi IV. (לוי)
80 Phinehas III
81 Netaniel VII. (נתנאל)
82 Baba III. (בבא)
83 Eleazar XIII
84 Netaniel VIII
85 Eleazar XIV
86 Phinehas IV
87 Netaniel IX
88 Aabed-El II
89 Eleazar XV
90 Aabed-El III
91 Eleazar XVI
92 Aabed-El IV Here there are discrepancies Eleazar, his son Abdeel and his brother Aaron are said to have officiated together as high priests for 69 years, but not in Shechem, but in Damascus.[22]
93 Aaron II. (אהרן)
95 Tsedaka I
96 Amram V. (עמרם)
97 Aaron III. (אהרן) In his time the Samaritan synagogue of Shechem was built.[22]
98 Amram VI. (עמרם)
99 Uzzi II In his time, the Muslims took away from the Samaritans their synagogue and the "piece of land" in Shechem.[23]
100 Joseph I. (יוסף) This high priest also came from Damascus.[24]
101 Phinehas V His son Raban Abishah composed liturgical chants.[24] Pinḥas ben Josef, der Sohn des Vorigen.
102 Eleazar XVII. (אלעזר) 1362/63–1387 Eleazar ben Pinḥas ben Josef
103 Phinehas VI haNatzri (פינחס) This high priest was the son of the hymn writer Raban Abishah.[24] Pinḥas ben Abisha ben Pinḥas ben Josef
104 Abishua II. (אבישע) Abisha ben Pinḥas ben Abisha; Sohn des Vorigen.
105 Eleazar XVIII. (אלעזר) Eleazar ben Abisha ben Pinḥas
106 Itamar (איתמר) The high priest Itamar ben Aaron ben Itamar in Damascus was one of the scribes of a Pentateuch codex (Ms. London, British Library, Cotton Claudius B. viii).[25]
107 Amram VII. (עמרם) In his time Samaria was conquered and many Samaritans were captured and taken to Damascus, but the Samaritan community in Damascus bought them free.[23]
108 Uzzi III
109 Phinehas VII. (פינחס) In 1516, Ottoman rule began in Palestine. The total number of Samaritans at that time is given as 500 people who lived in Cairo, Gaza and Damascus in addition to Nablus. The census of 1538/39 mentions 29 Samaritan households in Nablus, from which a number of 178 persons can be estimated.[26] Pinḥas ben Eleazar
110 Eleazar XIX. (אלעזר) 1549–1595/96 In his time a ritual bath was built for the Samaritans in Shechem.[24] Eleazar ben Pinḥas
111 Phinehas VIII. (פינחס) 1595/96–1614/15 Pinḥas ben Eleazar
112 Shalma I ben Phinehas 1614/15–1623/24 With Shelemya, who was murdered,[27] ended the original high priestly dynasty, which traced itself back to Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron. Centuries later, the Samaritan community was still researching whether there might have been members of the Phinehas dynasty living in Europe.[27] Shelemia ben Pinḥas
113 Tsedaka II ben Tabia ha'Åbtå'i 1623/24–1650 Ṣadaqa II was the first high priest from the family that has been in office since then, tracing back to Itamar, the brother of Phinehas.[3] This family was considered Levitical until then; since it was the only surviving Levitical family, Levitical and Aaronid descent has been synonymous among the Samaritans since then.[27] Ṣadaqa ben Ṭabia Halevi
114 Yitzhaq I ben Tsedaka 1650–1694 Jiṣḥaq ben Ṣadaqa
115 Abram ben Yitzhaq 1694–1732 Abraham ben Jiṣḥaq ben Ṣadaqa
116 Levi V ben Abram 1733–1752 Levi ben Abraham
117 Tabia III ben Yitzhaq ben Abram 1752–1787 This high priest settled in the Samaritan community in Gaza.[28] Ṭabia ben Jiṣḥaq
118 Shalma II ben Tabia 1798–1828 Salama was four years old at his father's death and the only surviving member of the high priestly family. He assumed the office of high priest at the age of 15.[29] In 1810 he sent a letter to the French senator Henri Grégoire, in which he lamented the distressed situation of the Samaritans. Since 1785 it was no longer possible to offer the Passover sacrifice on the Garizim; it had to take place in the city.[30] Salama ben Ṭabia ben Jiṣḥaq (1784–1855)
119 Amram VIII ben Shalma 1828–1859/60 In 1832 the pilgrimages to Mount Garizim could be resumed.[30] In the 1840s, Muslim ulama demanded that all Samaritans be forcibly converted to Islam because they did not belong to any book religion. The Sephardic chief rabbi of Jerusalem produced an expert opinion that the Samaritans belonged to the people of Israel and lived according to the Torah. This (together with a gift of money) averted the danger from the Samaritan community.[31][32] Upon British intervention, the Passover sacrifice on Mount Garizim was again permitted by the Ottoman authorities in 1849.[33]
120 Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma 1859/60–1916 Jacob I promoted the opening to the West and to the Jewish community, seeing opportunities for the small Samaritan community in the interest of the world public.[34] Jaaqob ben Aharon ben Salama

(1840/41–1916)

121 Yitzhaq II ben Amram ben Shalma ben Tabia. (יצחק) 1917/18–1932 Jiṣḥaq ben Amram ben Salama (1855–1932)
122 Matzliach ben Phinehas ben Yitzhaq ben Shalma (מצליח) 1933–1943 Maṣliaḥ ben Pinḥas ben Jiṣḥaq ben Salama (1868–1943)
123 Abisha III ben Phinehas ben Yitzhaq ben Shalma. (אבישע) 1943–1960 Brother of Matzliach[35] Abisha ben Pinḥas ben Jiṣḥaq ben Salama (1880–1960)
124 Amram IX ben Yitzhaq ben Amram ben Shalma. (עמרם) 1960–1980 Amram ben Jiṣḥaq ben Amram ben Salama (1889–1980)
125 Asher ben Matzliach ben Phinehas (אשר) 1980–1982 Asher ben Maṣliaḥ ben Pinḥas (1895–1982)
126 Phinehas X ben Matzliach ben Phinehas. (פינחס) 1982–1984 Brother of Asher[35] Pinḥas ben Maṣliaḥ (1899–1984)
127 Yaacob II ben Uzzi ben Yaacob ben Aaharon - Abu Shafi[36] (יעקב) 1984–1987 A highly respected High Priest, grandson of Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma. Jaaqob ben Azi ben Jaaqob (1900–1987)
128 Yoseph II ben Ab-Hisda ben Yaacov ben Aaharon. (יוסף) 1987–1998 Josef ben Ab Ḥisda ben Jaaqob (1919–1998)
129 Levi VI ben Abisha ben Phinehas ben Yitzhaq. (לוי) 1998–2001 Levi ben Abisha (1920–2001)
130 Shalom II ben Amram ben Yitzhaq/Salum Is'haq al-Samiri (שלום) 2001–2004 Shalom ben Amram (13. Januar 1922–9. Februar 2004)[37]
131 Elazar XX ben Tsedaka ben Yitzhaq. (אלע��ר) 2004–2010 Eleazar ben Ṣedaqah ben Jiṣḥaq

(16. Januar 1927–3. Februar 2010)[38]

132 Aharon IV ben Ab-Chisda ben Yaacob (אהרן) 2010–2013 Brother of High Priest Josef II.[39] Aharon ben Ab-Ḥisdah ben Jaaqob ben Aharon (1. Februar 1927–19. April 2013)[40]
133 Aabed-El V ben Asher ben Matzliach (עבדאל) 2013– Abdel ben Asher ben Maṣliaḥ (* 1935)
Samaritan High Priest Yaakov ben Aharon and the Abisha Scroll, 1905
Yitzhaq ben Amram ben Shalma ben Tabia, Samaritan High Priest, taking refuge from riots on Easter 1920 with Dr. A.C. Harte, Director of Jerusalem YMCA.
Samaritan Kohanim c. 1876. The inscription on the bottom label the persons from, left to right: "Phineas the Kohen, Jacob the Kohen, Isaac the Kohen". The small child is Jacob's daughter.

Moses Gaster's list

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Moses Gaster, in his 1909 article The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis: Published for the First Time, published a slightly different order which he translated from two codices written by the High Priests:[41]

  1. Sashai I
  2. Bakhi I
  3. Uzzi
  4. Sashai II
  5. Bakhi II
  6. Shembet
  7. Shalom I
  8. Hezekiah I
  9. Jonathan I
  10. Daliah I
  11. Jair II
  12. Jonathan II
  13. Ishmael
  14. Tabia I
  15. Zadok, #16—19 in the above list are evidently omitted
  16. Amram I
  17. Hilkiah, Hezekiah in the above list
  18. Amram II
  19. Akkub
  20. Akkubiah
  21. Hillel I
  22. Seriah
  23. Levi I
  24. Netaniel I
  25. Azariah
  26. Aabed-El I
  27. Hezekiah II(I)
  28. Hananiah
  29. Amram III
  30. Hana, Hillel II in the above list
  31. Hezekiah III(IV)
  32. Daliah II
  33. Akkub II
  34. Akkubiah II
  35. Levi II
  36. Eleazar II
  37. Manasseh
  38. Jair IV
  39. Netaniel II
  40. Joachim
  41. Jonathan III
  42. Elishama
  43. Shemaiah
  44. Tabia II
  45. Amram IV
  46. Akabon I
  47. Phinehas II
  48. Levi III
  49. Eleazar III
  50. Baba I
  51. Eleazar IV
  52. Akabon II
  53. Netaniel III
  54. Akabon III, see #60 in the above list
  55. Netaniel IV
  56. Akabon IV
  57. Eleazar V
  58. Akabon V
  59. Eleazar VI
  60. Akabon VI
  61. Eleazar VII
  62. Netaniel V
  63. Eleazar VIII
  64. Netaniel VI
  65. Eleazar IX
  66. Akabon VII
  67. Eleazar X
  68. Akabon VIII
  69. Eleazar XI
  70. Akabon IX
  71. Eleazar XII
  72. Simeon
  73. Levi IV
  74. Phinehas III
  75. Netaniel VII
  76. Baba II(I)
  77. Eleazar XIII
  78. Netaniel VIII
  79. Eleazar XIV
  80. Phinehas IV
  81. Netaniel IX
  82. Aabed-El II
  83. Eleazar XV
  84. Aabed-El III
  85. Eleazar XVI
  86. Aaharon II, see #93 on the above list
  87. Tsedaka I, see #94 on the above list
  88. Amram V
  89. Aaharon III
  90. Amram VI
  91. Aaharon IV
  92. Netaniel X
  93. Itamar I
  94. Amram VI(I), see #98 on the above list
  95. Uzzi II, see #99 on the above list
  96. Yoseph I, see #100 on the above list
  97. Phinehas V, see #101 on the above list
  98. Eleazar XVII
  99. Phinehas VI
  100. Abisha II
  101. Eleazar XVIII
  102. Phinehas VII
  103. Eleazar XIX, see #110 on the above list
  104. Phinehas IX
  105. (1613–1624) Shalma I
  106. (1624–1650) Tsedaka II
  107. (1650–1694) Yitzhaq I
  108. (1694–1732) Abram
  109. (1732–1752) Levi V
  110. (1752–1787) Tabia III
  111. (1787–1855) Shalma II
  112. (1855–1874) Amram VIII
  113. (1874–1916) Yaacob I

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Josephus (1958). Jewish Antiquities. Loeb Classic Library, Josephus 6: Jewish Antiquities Books 9-11. Translated by Ralph Marcus. Harvard University Press. Book 11, chapter 7.2 – 8, p. 461-483.
  2. ^ Steinberg, David (20 August 2005). "The Origin and Nature of the Samaritans and their Relationship to Second Temple Jewish Sects". houseofdavid.ca. Section: "The Origin of the Samaritans: What Really Happened?". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c The Samaritans: The Samaritan High Priests
  4. ^ Sean Ireton (2003). "The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century". Anthrobase. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
  5. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 154–172.
  6. ^ Joachim Schaper: Aaron. In: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). 4. Auflage. Band 1, Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 1998, Sp. 2–3., vgl. Exodus Kap. 28–29; Levitikus Kap. 8–10; Numeri Kap. 3–4; 8 und 16–18.
  7. ^ Num 20–28
  8. ^ Num 25:12–13
  9. ^ In der Tora nicht erwähnt, aber in 1 Chr 6–35 und Ezra 7:5 (Schriften des jüdischen Kanons) als Sohn des Phinehas aufgeführt.
  10. ^ Alan D. Crown: The Abisha Scroll – 3000 Years Old? In: Bible Review 7, 5 (1991), online: Center for Online Judaic Studies.
  11. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, p. 417.
  12. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 412.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 413.
  14. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 159 Anm. 34.
  15. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 414.
  16. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 161 Anm. 35.
  17. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 162 Anm. 36.
  18. ^ Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 414f.
  19. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 415.
  20. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 165 Anm. 40.
  21. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 416.
  22. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 417.
  23. ^ a b Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 418.
  24. ^ a b c d Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 419.
  25. ^ British Library, Digitized Manuscripts: Cotton MS Claudius B VIII.
  26. ^ Reinhard Pummer: The Samaritans. A Profile. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids 2016, S. 155f.
  27. ^ a b c Monika Schreiber: The Comfort of Kin: Samaritan Community, Kinship, and Marriage. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2014, S. 91.
  28. ^ Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, S. 420.
  29. ^ Reinhard Pummer: An Update of Moses Gaster’s "Chain of Samaritan High Priests", Berlin / Boston 2018, S. 170 Anm. 55.
  30. ^ a b Reinhard Pummer: The Samaritans. A Profile. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids 2016, S. 161.
  31. ^ Reinhard Pummer: The Samaritans. A Profile. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids 2016, S. 162.
  32. ^ Monika Schreiber: The Comfort of Kin: Samaritan Community, Kinship, and Marriage. S. 50.
  33. ^ Monika Schreiber: The Comfort of Kin: Samaritan Community, Kinship, and Marriage. S. 51.
  34. ^ Steven Fine: Abgrenzung – und Annäherung. Die Geschichte von Juden und Samaritanern. In: Welt und Umwelt der Bibel 26/2 (2021), S. 48–54, hier S. 50.
  35. ^ a b "High Priests of the Israelite Samaritans from 1624 CE to the Present Day". Israelite Samaritan Information Institute. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  36. ^ Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V.; Winkler, Waltraud, eds. (2010-04-23), "Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies", Samaritans – Past and Present, De Gruyter, pp. 8–9, 208–210, doi:10.1515/9783110212839, ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9, retrieved 2023-05-15
  37. ^ The Samaritan Update zum Tode von Shalom ben Amram (englisch)
  38. ^ The Samaritan Update zum Tode von Eleazar ben Ṣedaqah (englisch)
  39. ^ Moses Gaster: The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis, 1909, p. 413
  40. ^ The Samaritan Update zum Tode von Aharon ben Ab-Ḥisdah.
  41. ^ Gaster, M. “The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis: Published for the First Time.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1909, pp. 393–420. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25210743. Accessed 21 Sept. 2020.
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