Rosgen Stream Classification
The Rosgen Stream Classification is a system for natural rivers in which morphological arrangements of stream characteristics are organized into relatively homogeneous stream types.[1] This is a widely used method for classifying streams and rivers based on common patterns of channel morphology.[2] The specific objectives of this stream classification system are as follows: 1) predict a rivers behavior from its appearance; 2) develop specific hydrologic and sediment relationships for a given stream type and its state; 3) provide mechanisms to extrapolate site-specific data to stream reaches having similar characteristics; and 4) provide a consistent frame of reference for communicating stream morphology and condition among a variety of disciplines and interested parties.[1] These objectives are met through Rosgen's four hierarchical levels (I-IV) of river morphology.
Hierarchy of the Rosgen Stream Classification
[edit]Level I: Geomorphic Characterization
[edit]Level I categorize stream types into letters A - G based on their geomorphic characteristics that result from the integration of basin relief, land form, and valley morphology.[3] This is a general way in which the morphology of a stream can be described. Many of the Level I criteria can be determined through topographic and landform maps, aerial imagery, and geospatial data.[3]
Level II: Morphological Description
[edit]Level II characterizes stream type by using numbers 1 - 6, in addition to letters A - G, to include the assessments of the channel cross-section, longitudinal profile, and plan-form pattern.[1] Cross-section measurements include a streams entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, and dominant substrate. The longitudinal and plan-form measurements consist of slope, stream bed features, sinuosity, and meander width ratio. Level II is a quantitative morphological assessment of the stream reach which provides greater detail from data collected in the field for the implementation into land management decisions.[3]
Level III: Assessment of Stream Condition and Departure from its Potential
[edit]Level III describes the existing condition of a stream as it relates to its stability, response potential, and function.[3] This level includes additional measurements such as, sediment supply, channel stability, and flow regime which further describe the condition or “state” of the stream.[3]
Level IV: Field Data Verification
[edit]Level IV verifies the process relationships inferred from the previous three levels of classification.[3] The objective of this level is to determine empirical relationships for use in prediction (e.g. to develop Manning's n values from measured velocity)[3]
Applications
[edit]The Rosgen Stream Classification is probably best applied as a communication tool to describe channel form.[4] Other uses for the Rosgen Stream Classification include fish habitat indices, surveys of riparian communities, stream restoration and mitigation, engineering, evaluating livestock grazing related to stream type, and the use of sediment and hydraulic data by stream type.
Limitations
[edit]Problems with the use of the Rosgen Stream Classification are encountered with identifying bankfull dimensions, particularly in incising channels and with the mixing of bed and bank sediment into a single population.[4] Its use for engineering design and restoration may be flawed by ignoring some processes governed by force and resistance, and the imbalance between sediment supply and transporting power in unstable systems[4]
Limitations for Level II classification involve time dependence, uncertain applicability across physical environments, difficulty in identification of a true equilibrium condition, and uncertain process significance of classification criteria.[5] Implications of using the Rosgen Stream Classification, include: (1) acceptance of the limitations, (2) acceptance of the risk of classifying streams incorrectly, and (3) classification results may be used inappropriately[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Rosgen, David L. 1994. “A Classification of Natural Rivers.” CATENA 22 (3): 169–99. doi:10.1016/0341-8162(94)90001-9.
- ^ EPA, 2018. “Fundamentals of Rosgen Stream Classification System | Watershed Academy Web | US EPA.” n.d. Accessed May 6, 2018. https://cfpub.epa.gov/watertrain/moduleFrame.cfm?parent_object_id=1189 .
- ^ a b c d e f g Rosgen, David L. and H.L. Silvey 1996. “Applied River Morphology” Second Edition. Wildland Hydrology. Pagosa Springs, CO.
- ^ a b c Simon A., Doyle M., Kondolf M., Shields F.D., Rhoads B., and McPhillips M. 2007. “Critical Evaluation of How the Rosgen Classification and Associated ‘Natural Channel Design’ Methods Fail to Integrate and Quantify Fluvial Processes and Channel Response1.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43 (5): 1117–31. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00091.x.
- ^ a b Juracek Kyle E., and Fitzpatrick Faith A. 2007. “Limitations and Implications of Stream Classification.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (3): 659–70. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03683.x.