Nephilidae

Nephilidae
	Female Nephila pilipes
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Superfamily:	Araneoidea
Family:	Nephilidae; Simon, 1894
Genera
	See text.
Diversity
	7 genera

Nephilidae is a spider family commonly referred to as golden orb-weavers.^[1] The various genera in the Nephilidae family were formerly placed in Tetragnathidae and Araneidae. All nephilid genera partially renew their webs.^[2]

Reproductive behavior

The genera Herennia, Nephilengys and Nephilingis display extreme sexually driven selection. The pedipalps of these genera have become highly derived by evolving enlarged, complex palpal bulbs which break off inside the females' copulatory openings after copulation. The broken palps serve as mating plugs, which makes future matings with a mated female more difficult.^[3] These genera of spiders also participate in mate guarding; a mated male will stand guard by his female and chase off other males, thereby increasing the mated male's paternity share. Mated males are castrated in the process of mate plugging, though this may be an advantage in mate guarding, as mated males have been observed to fight more aggressively and win more frequently than virgin males.^[4] So while the female spiders are still at least potentially polygamous, the males have become monogamous.

Taxonomy

Up to the late 1980s, following Eugène Simon in 1894, Nephila and its close relatives were considered to make up the subfamily Nephilinae of the family Araneidae. In 1986, Herbert Walter Levi suggested that Nephila and Nephilengys belonged in the family Tetragnathidae, based on the structure of the male palp. Cladistic studies in the 1990s appeared to confirm the relationship between nephilines and Tetragnathidae. Further studies refuted this proposal, but did not resolve the relationship with araneids. In 2006, Matjaž Kuntner removed the group from Araneidae and raised the subfamily Nephilinae to the family Nephilidae. However, molecular phylogenetic studies from 2004 onwards consistently placed nephilids within Araneidae. Accordingly, in 2016, Dimitar Dimitrov et al. returned the group to their traditional position as a subfamily of Araneidae.^[5] In 2023, the subfamily was resurrected back to family-level and is recognized as a family in the World Spider Catalog.^[6]^[7]

Phylogeny

A 2013 molecular phylogenetic study suggested that the genera of Nephilinae were related as shown in the cladogram below. It was this study that supported the split between Nephilengys and Nephilingis.^[8]

Nephilinae

	Nephilengys

	Herennia

Nephila constricta + Nephila pilipes

Nephilingis

	Clitaetra

	remaining Nephila species

Although Nephila appears not to be monophyletic, the authors of the study did not suggest splitting the genus. The phylogeny suggests that male enforced monogamy, via plugging of the female copulatory ducts by males leaving behind their palpal bulbs, is ancestral to the nephilides, and was lost in Nephila and Clitaetra.^[8]

Genera

As of August 2023^[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:^[7]

Clitaetra Simon, 1889 – Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka
Herennia Thorell, 1877 – South Asia, Australia
Indoetra (previously a subgenus of Clitaetra) Kuntner, 2006 – Sri Lanka
Nephila Leach, 1815 – pantropical
Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 – South Asia to north Australia
Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013 – tropical South America and Africa
Trichonephila (previously a subgenus of Nephila) Dahl, 1911 – pantropical

Distribution

The family has a pan-tropical distribution: species of Nephilia, in particular, are found in tropical and subtropical environments in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

References

^ Kuntner, Matjaž; Hamilton, Chris A; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Gregorič, Matjaž; Lupše, Nik; Lokovšek, Tjaša; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A; Bond, Jason E; Paterson, Adrian (July 2019). "Golden Orbweavers Ignore Biological Rules: Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses Unravel a Complex Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism". Systematic Biology. 68 (4): 555–572. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy082. PMC 6568015. PMID 30517732.
^ Kuntner, Matjaž (2005). "A revision of Herennia (Araneae : Nephilidae : Nephilinae), the Australasian 'coin spiders'". Invertebrate Systematics. 19 (5). CSIRO Publishing: 391–436. doi:10.1071/IS05024.
^ Kuntner, Matjaž; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Schneider, Jutta M. (2009). "Intersexual arms race? Genital coevolution in nephilid spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae)". Evolution. 63 (6): 1451–1463. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00634.x. PMID 19492993. S2CID 6321371.
^ Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. (2005). "Virgin doves and mated hawks: contest behaviour in a spider". Animal Behaviour. 70 (5): 1099–1104. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.020. S2CID 53197549.
^ Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj & Hormiga, Gustavo (2016). "Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea)" (PDF). Cladistics. 33 (3): 221–250. doi:10.1111/cla.12165. S2CID 34962403. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
^ Kuntner, Matjaž; Čandek, Klemen; Gregorič, Matjaž; Turk, Eva; Hamilton, Chris A.; Chamberland, Lisa; Starrett, James; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Bond, Jason E. (2023). "Increasing Information Content and Diagnosability in Family-Level Classifications". Systematic Biology. 72 (4): 964–971. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syad021.
^ ^a ^b "Family: Nephilidae Banks, 1892". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b Kuntner, M.; Arnedo, M.A.; Trontelj, P.; Lokovsek, T. & Agnarsson, I. (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: evolutionary history of a model lineage". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 961–979. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.008. PMID 23811436.

External links

[Kuntner2019-1] Kuntner, Matjaž; Hamilton, Chris A; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Gregorič, Matjaž; Lupše, Nik; Lokovšek, Tjaša; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A; Bond, Jason E; Paterson, Adrian (July 2019). "Golden Orbweavers Ignore Biological Rules: Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses Unravel a Complex Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism". Systematic Biology. 68 (4): 555–572. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy082. PMC 6568015. PMID 30517732.

[2] Kuntner, Matjaž (2005). "A revision of Herennia (Araneae : Nephilidae : Nephilinae), the Australasian 'coin spiders'". Invertebrate Systematics. 19 (5). CSIRO Publishing: 391–436. doi:10.1071/IS05024.

[KuntCoddSchn09-3] Kuntner, Matjaž; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Schneider, Jutta M. (2009). "Intersexual arms race? Genital coevolution in nephilid spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae)". Evolution. 63 (6): 1451–1463. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00634.x. PMID 19492993. S2CID 6321371.

[FromSchn05-4] Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. (2005). "Virgin doves and mated hawks: contest behaviour in a spider". Animal Behaviour. 70 (5): 1099–1104. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.020. S2CID 53197549.

[DimiBenaArneGiri16-5] Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj & Hormiga, Gustavo (2016). "Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea)" (PDF). Cladistics. 33 (3): 221–250. doi:10.1111/cla.12165. S2CID 34962403. Retrieved 2016-10-18.

[6] Kuntner, Matjaž; Čandek, Klemen; Gregorič, Matjaž; Turk, Eva; Hamilton, Chris A.; Chamberland, Lisa; Starrett, James; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Bond, Jason E. (2023). "Increasing Information Content and Diagnosability in Family-Level Classifications". Systematic Biology. 72 (4): 964–971. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syad021.

[NMBE-7] "Family: Nephilidae Banks, 1892". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 23 August 2023.

[KuntArneTronLoko13-8] Kuntner, M.; Arnedo, M.A.; Trontelj, P.; Lokovsek, T. & Agnarsson, I. (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: evolutionary history of a model lineage". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 961–979. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.008. PMID 23811436.

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