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Jerome Ravetz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jerome Raymond Ravetz
Born (1929-06-10) June 10, 1929 (age 95)
Philadelphia, US
Alma materUniversity of Cambridge (England) and Swarthmore College (Philadelphia)
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern Philosophy
SchoolPost-normal
Main interests
Philosophy of science
Notable ideas
NUSAP
Post-normal science

Jerome (Jerry) Ravetz is a philosopher of science. He is best known for his books analysing scientific knowledge from a social and ethical perspective, focussing on issues of quality. He is the co-author (with Silvio Funtowicz) of the NUSAP notational system and of Post-normal science. He is currently an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford.

Life and work

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Ravetz was born in Philadelphia; his grandfather was a Russian-Jewish immigrant and his father a truck driver and trade union organiser. He attended Central High School and Swarthmore College. He came to England in 1950 on a Fulbright Scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied for a PhD in Pure Mathematics under the supervision of A.S. Besicovitch. In 1955 his passport was taken away, as part of the wave of McCarthyism; it was returned in 1958 and in 1961 he became a British citizen. He taught mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania and then at Durham University. In 1957 he moved to the University of Leeds to join Stephen Toulmin in the establishment of a centre in the History and Philosophy of Science.[1] He stayed at Leeds, eventually becoming a Reader, until taking early retirement in 1983. Since then he has been an independent scholar.

He has visited at Utrecht University, Harvard University, the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of California, Santa Cruz, Fudan University (Shanghai), the University of Texas at Dallas, the Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Luxembourg. Over the years he has worked closely with colleagues at the European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.

Ravetz's earliest research, after mathematics, was in the history of the mathematical sciences, with works on Copernicus and Fourier.[2][3] In the sixties Ravetz, focused on contradictions in the functioning of science and its image, between a narrative of progress and one of depredation science.[4] He had proposed an unusual approach to study these contradictions. He highlighted the craft character of scientific knowledge, a set of procedures and evaluations that are part of the social activity of science. The quality of research, according to Ravetz, is influenced by this social component of scientific knowledge, which is strongly influenced by the professional models communicated through teaching. Due to this, the standard of adequacy is set by norms culturally stablished and shared.

His influential book Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems went through several English language editions, plus German and Japanese translations, and was republished in 1996. This book raises issues of uncertainty and ethics in the social practice of science. It was an early attempt to recast the philosophy of science for the conditions of 'industrialised science' and to shift the philosophy of science from epistemology to the social and ethical aspects of science. In it he proposed a 'critical science' for a new version of the idealism that had characterised science in the pre-industrial age.

In the years around 1970 he was an active member of the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science.

From 1973 to 1976 he was Executive Secretary of the Council for Science and Society[5] in London, whose founder was the law reformer Paul Sieghart.[6] He drafted its report on 'The Acceptability of Risks'. From 1977 to 1978, he was a member of the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group, regulating research in recombinant DNA. Working with Silvio Funtowicz in Leeds [7] he created the NUSAP notational system, described in their book Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy (Reidel 1990). This was the stimulus for the development of the 'Guidance' for managing uncertainty, at the Netherlands Environment Agency.[8] They also created the theory of Post-normal science, which applies when 'Facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent.'[9][10][11][12][13][14] A collection of his essays, The merger of knowledge with power: essays in critical science was also published in 1990. With Zia Sardar he co-authored Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway in 1996.[2] His most recent book is The No nonsense guide to science (New Internationalist 2006). His research continues in two main directions: new trends in the social practice of science; and new approaches to the management of uncertainty. On the former, he has co-authored (with Silvio Funtowicz) chapters on 'Science, New Forms of' and 'Peer Review and Quality Control' for the International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (2015).[15][16] On the latter he is concerned with the analysis of ignorance and the representation and manipulation of quantitative information where there is 'not even one significant digit'. He has also recently written on the quality control crisis of science.[17][18]

He is currently an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society at the University of Oxford. His research focus is on the impacts of technological progress on science, and new forms of science governance necessary for the protection of society, the environment and science itself. Ravetz studies new institutional models and collective behaviors that rehabilitate the function of science as a solver of the problem of the sustainability of contemporary material society that derives from the ongoing technological development.[19]

He was interviewed by the Great Transition Initiative's blog [20] in June 2016. On May 31, 2019, the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society in Oxford has devoted a seminar [21] to honour his 90th birthday. He published a World View piece in the journal Nature on November 19, 2019, entitled Stop the science training that demands ‘don’t ask’.[22] Science governance, unknown unknowns, science as a solver of the problem of the sustainability of society are tackled in the context of present debates.[23] Together with other scholars, Ravetz has contributed to the debate on the COVID-19 pandemic [24] and use of mathematical models.[25]

Quotes

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"The activity of modern natural science has transformed our knowledge and control of the world about us; but in the process it has also transformed itself; and it has created problems that natural science alone cannot solve". Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems, Oxford 1971, p. 9.

"Wherever there's a system, there's a racket to beat it." Ibidem, p. 295.

"Any artifact will have: intended use, creative new use, incompetent misuse and malevolent abuse".[26]

Bibliography

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  • Ravetz, Jerome R. (1979). Scientific knowledge and its social problems. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-519721-6.
  • Ravetz, Jerome R. (1990). The merger of knowledge with power: essays in critical science. London [England]: Mansell. ISBN 0-7201-2021-7.
  • Funtowicz, Silvio O.; Ravetz, Jerome R. (1990). Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0799-2.
  • Ravetz, Jerome R.; Sardar, Ziauddin (1996). Cyberfutures: culture and politics on the information superhighway. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8058-X.
  • Ravetz, Jerome R. (2005). The No nonsense guide to science. Oxford: New Internationalist.
  • Ravetz, Jerome R. (1965). Astronomy and cosmology in the achievement of Nicolaus Copernicus. Wrocław, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Bibcode:1965acan.book.....R.
  • Ravetz, Jerome R. (Winter 1997). "In Numbers We Trust". Issues in Science and Technology. 13 (2).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gooday, G. (2006). "History and philosophy of science at Leeds". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 60 (2): 183–192. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2005.0093.
  2. ^ Ravetz, Jerome R. 1966. “The Origins of the Copernican Revolution.” Scientific American 215(4): 88–103.
  3. ^ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor., and Jerome R. Ravetz. 1972. Joseph Fourier 1768-1830 : A Survey of His Life and Work. MIT Press.
  4. ^ Ravetz, Jerome R., 1971. Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems. Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Page of Council for Science and Society
  6. ^ Paul Sieghart
  7. ^ Gooday, G. (2006). History and philosophy of science at Leeds. Notes and Records Royal Society, 60, 183–192.
  8. ^ A.C. Petersen, P.H.M. Janssen, J.P. van der Sluijs, J.S. Risbey, J.R. Ravetz, J.A. Wardekker, H. Martinson Hughes, Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication, 2nd Edition, PBL, 2013.
  9. ^ Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R., 1991. "A New Scientific Methodology for Global Environmental Issues", in Costanza, R. (ed.), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: 137–152. New York: Columbia University Press.
  10. ^ Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R., 1992. "Three types of risk assessment and the emergence of postnormal science", in Krimsky, S. and Golding, D. (eds.), Social theories of risk: 251–273. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood.
  11. ^ Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz, J., 1993. "Science for the post-normal age", Futures, 31(7): 735-755.
  12. ^ Weingart, P. From "Finalization" to "Mode 2": old wine in new bottles?. Social Science Information 36 (4), 1997. Pp. 591-613.
  13. ^ Turnpenny, J., Jones, M., & Lorenzoni, I. (2010). Where now for post-normal science? A critical review of its development, definitions, and uses. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 0162243910385789.
  14. ^ Carrozza, C. (2015). Democratizing Expertise and Environmental Governance: Different Approaches to the Politics of Science and their Relevance for Policy Analysis. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 17(1), 108-126.
  15. ^ Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz, J. R., 2015. "Peer Review and Quality Control", Wright, J. D., (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. Oxford: Elsevier.
  16. ^ Ravetz, J. R. and Funtowicz, S. O., 2015. "Science, New Forms of", in Wright, J. D., (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol. 21: 248–254. Oxford: Elsevier.
  17. ^ Benessia, A., Funtowicz, S., Giampietro, M., Guimarães Pereira, A., Ravetz, J., Saltelli, A., Strand, R., van der Sluijs, J., 2016. The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge. The Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University.
  18. ^ Ravetz, J., 2016, How should we treat science’s growing pains? The Guardian, June 8th 2016.
  19. ^ (2019). Science and scientists in the post-normal age. In SARDAR Z. (Ed.), The Postnormal Times Reader (pp. 337-354). International Institute of Islamic Thought.
  20. ^ Ravetz at the Great Transition Initiative's blog.
  21. ^ Workshop in Oxford for Revetz's 90th birthday.
  22. ^ J. Ravetz, 2019, Stop the science training that demands ‘don’t ask’, Nature, 575, 417 .
  23. ^ S. O. Funtowicz and J. R. Ravetz, “Science for the Post-Normal Age, with a new foreword,” Commonplace, 14-May-2020. [Online]. Available: https://commonplace.knowledgefutures.org/pub/6qqfgms5. [Accessed: 02-Oct-2020].
  24. ^ Postnormal pandemics: Why COVID-19 requires a new approach to science, guest post on STEPS by David Waltner-Toews, Annibale Biggeri, Bruna De Marchi, Silvio Funtowicz, Mario Giampietro, Martin O’Connor, Jerome R. Ravetz, Andrea Saltelli and Jeroen P. van der Sluijs.
  25. ^ Saltelli A, Bammer G, Bruno I, Charters E, Di Fiore M, Didier E, Espeland WN et al. (2020a) Five ways to ensure that models serve society: a manifesto. Nature 582:482–484. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01812-9.
  26. ^ König, A. and Ravetz, J. eds., 2017. Sustainability science: Key issues. Routledge. Chapter 18, Postscript: Heuristics for Sustainability Science.
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Seminar at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Oxford University, July 30, 2018, hosted by Jerome R. Ravetz with Philip Mirowski and Andrea Saltelli.

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