Gadaw
Gadaw (Burmese: ကန်တော့, IPA: [ɡədɔ̰]; also spelt kadaw) is a Burmese verb referring to a Burmese tradition in which a person, always of lower social standing, pays respect or homage to a person of higher standing (including Buddhist monks, elders, teachers and Buddha), by kneeling before them and paying obeisance with joined hands, and bowing.[1] This is usually done by students to their teachers or children or grandchildren to their elders (parents, aunts, uncles and grandparents), in order to show gratitude and reverence and an opportunity to ask for forgiveness, often involving gift-giving.
It is traditionally done on New Year's Day of Thingyan and during the month of Thadingyut (roughly October), which marks the end of Vassa, the Buddhist lent.[2][3]
The tradition is widely believed to have Buddhist roots, as teachers and parents (‹See Tfd›မိဘ၊ ဆရာသမား) are honored as part of the Five Infinite Venerables (‹See Tfd›အနန္တငါးပါး), along with the Three Jewels, namely the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha.[4] Moreover, the Mangala Sutta, the source of the 38 Buddhist Beatitudes, describes the importance of "honoring those worthy of honor" (‹See Tfd›ပူဇာ စ ပူဇနေယျနာနံ၊, pujā ca pujāneyyanānam) and lists respect, humbleness, gratitude and as among the highest blessings. Obeisance ceremonies are also held for neighborhood elders, and professional mentors, such as writers and actors.[5]
The collective gadaw of teachers is called a hsaya gadaw pwe (‹See Tfd›ဆရာကန်တော့ပွဲ) or more formally acariya puja pwe or asariya puzaw pwe (‹See Tfd›အာစရိယပူဇော်ပွဲ), usually done formally during the month of Thadingyut (or World Teachers' Day on 5 October) by students or alumni at schools and universities throughout the country.[6][1]
During the time of the Burmese monarchy, a ritualized gadaw ceremony called the gadaw pwedaw (‹See Tfd›ကန်တော့ပွဲတော်) was practised at least three times a year at the royal palace, by tributary chieftains and rulers as well as subjects to the king, as a symbolic form of allegiance.[7][8] Gadaw nay (‹See Tfd›ကန်တော့နေ့) was one such time, occurring at the end of the Buddhist lent, and when tributes and gifts are formally offered to the king.[9]
The traditional Burmese request of the Three Jewels (Triple Gem), a formulaic prayer (termed Okāsa or the "Buddhist common prayer" by Pe Maung Tin) that precedes most Buddhist ceremonies, explicitly references the gadaw of the Five Infinite Venerables (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha, parents and teachers):[10]
ဩကာသ ၊ ဩကာသ ၊ ဩကာသ။ |
I request! I request! I request! |
A more ritualized form called the wai khru is found in neighboring Thailand. A similar tradition, called dam hua is practiced in the Lanna region of Northern Thailand, especially during Songkran, the Thai new year.[11]
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ a b Seekins, Donald M. (2017-03-27). Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-5381-0183-4.
- ^ Moe Moe Oo; Moh Moh Thaw (17 October 2005). "Paper lanterns and coloured lights: Thadingyut celebrations are again upon us". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
- ^ http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/11-97/eld11-97.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ Cherry Thein (12 October 2009). "Thadingyut, a time to honour teachers". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
- ^ Ma Thanegi (February 2014). "Customs, Ceremonies and Festivals" (PDF). My Magical Myanmar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Article/Article2004/Oct04/Oct05.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ Cyril Henry Philips, ed. (1951). Handbook of oriental history. Vol. 6. University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 121.
- ^ Seekins, Donald M. (2017-03-27). Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-5381-0183-4.
- ^ Scott, James George (1882). The Burman, His Life and Notions (PDF). p. 102. ISBN 978-1-115-23195-4. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ^ Spiro, Melford (1982). Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes. University of California Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-520-04672-2.
- ^ Delaney, William Phillip (1977). Socio-Cultural Aspects of Aging in Buddhist Northern Thailand (PDF) (Ph.D thesis). Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. p. 156. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-09-19.