|
positive
|
negative
|
|
infinitive
|
ukuthetha
|
ukungathethi
|
|
|
imperative
|
|
simple
|
+ object concord
|
singular
|
thetha
|
-thethe
|
plural
|
thethani
|
-thetheni
|
|
present
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyathetha, ngithetha
|
engithethayo, engithetha
|
ngithetha
|
angithethi
|
engingathethi
|
ngingathethi
|
2nd singular
|
uyathetha, uthetha
|
othethayo, othetha
|
uthetha
|
awuthethi
|
ongathethi
|
ungathethi
|
1st plural
|
siyathetha, sithetha
|
esithethayo, esithetha
|
sithetha
|
asithethi
|
esingathethi
|
singathethi
|
2nd plural
|
niyathetha, nithetha
|
enithethayo, enithetha
|
nithetha
|
anithethi
|
eningathethi
|
ningathethi
|
class 1
|
uyathetha, uthetha
|
othethayo, othetha
|
ethetha
|
akathethi
|
ongathethi
|
engathethi
|
class 2
|
bayathetha, bathetha
|
abathethayo, abathetha
|
bethetha
|
abathethi
|
abangathethi
|
bengathethi
|
class 3
|
uyathetha, uthetha
|
othethayo, othetha
|
uthetha
|
awuthethi
|
ongathethi
|
ungathethi
|
class 4
|
iyathetha, ithetha
|
ethethayo, ethetha
|
ithetha
|
ayithethi
|
engathethi
|
ingathethi
|
class 5
|
liyathetha, lithetha
|
elithethayo, elithetha
|
lithetha
|
alithethi
|
elingathethi
|
lingathethi
|
class 6
|
ayathetha, athetha
|
athethayo, athetha
|
ethetha
|
awathethi
|
angathethi
|
engathethi
|
class 7
|
siyathetha, sithetha
|
esithethayo, esithetha
|
sithetha
|
asithethi
|
esingathethi
|
singathethi
|
class 8
|
ziyathetha, zithetha
|
ezithethayo, ezithetha
|
zithetha
|
azithethi
|
ezingathethi
|
zingathethi
|
class 9
|
iyathetha, ithetha
|
ethethayo, ethetha
|
ithetha
|
ayithethi
|
engathethi
|
ingathethi
|
class 10
|
ziyathetha, zithetha
|
ezithethayo, ezithetha
|
zithetha
|
azithethi
|
ezingathethi
|
zingathethi
|
class 11
|
luyathetha, luthetha
|
oluthethayo, oluthetha
|
luthetha
|
aluthethi
|
olungathethi
|
lungathethi
|
class 14
|
buyathetha, buthetha
|
obuthethayo, obuthetha
|
buthetha
|
abuthethi
|
obungathethi
|
bungathethi
|
class 15
|
kuyathetha, kuthetha
|
okuthethayo, okuthetha
|
kuthetha
|
akuthethi
|
okungathethi
|
kungathethi
|
class 17
|
kuyathetha, kuthetha
|
okuthethayo, okuthetha
|
kuthetha
|
akuthethi
|
okungathethi
|
kungathethi
|
|
recent past
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngithethile, ngithethē
|
engithethile, engithethē
|
ngithethile, ngithethē
|
angithethanga
|
engingathethanga
|
ngingathethanga
|
2nd singular
|
uthethile, uthethē
|
othethile, othethē
|
uthethile, uthethē
|
awuthethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
ungathethanga
|
1st plural
|
sithethile, sithethē
|
esithethile, esithethē
|
sithethile, sithethē
|
asithethanga
|
esingathethanga
|
singathethanga
|
2nd plural
|
nithethile, nithethē
|
enithethile, enithethē
|
nithethile, nithethē
|
anithethanga
|
eningathethanga
|
ningathethanga
|
class 1
|
uthethile, uthethē
|
othethile, othethē
|
ethethile, ethethē
|
akathethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
engathethanga
|
class 2
|
bathethile, bathethē
|
abathethile, abathethē
|
bethethile, bethethē
|
abathethanga
|
abangathethanga
|
bengathethanga
|
class 3
|
uthethile, uthethē
|
othethile, othethē
|
uthethile, uthethē
|
awuthethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
ungathethanga
|
class 4
|
ithethile, ithethē
|
ethethile, ethethē
|
ithethile, ithethē
|
ayithethanga
|
engathethanga
|
ingathethanga
|
class 5
|
lithethile, lithethē
|
elithethile, elithethē
|
lithethile, lithethē
|
alithethanga
|
elingathethanga
|
lingathethanga
|
class 6
|
athethile, athethē
|
athethile, athethē
|
ethethile, ethethē
|
awathethanga
|
angathethanga
|
engathethanga
|
class 7
|
sithethile, sithethē
|
esithethile, esithethē
|
sithethile, sithethē
|
asithethanga
|
esingathethanga
|
singathethanga
|
class 8
|
zithethile, zithethē
|
ezithethile, ezithethē
|
zithethile, zithethē
|
azithethanga
|
ezingathethanga
|
zingathethanga
|
class 9
|
ithethile, ithethē
|
ethethile, ethethē
|
ithethile, ithethē
|
ayithethanga
|
engathethanga
|
ingathethanga
|
class 10
|
zithethile, zithethē
|
ezithethile, ezithethē
|
zithethile, zithethē
|
azithethanga
|
ezingathethanga
|
zingathethanga
|
class 11
|
luthethile, luthethē
|
oluthethile, oluthethē
|
luthethile, luthethē
|
aluthethanga
|
olungathethanga
|
lungathethanga
|
class 14
|
buthethile, buthethē
|
obuthethile, obuthethē
|
buthethile, buthethē
|
abuthethanga
|
obungathethanga
|
bungathethanga
|
class 15
|
kuthethile, kuthethē
|
okuthethile, okuthethē
|
kuthethile, kuthethē
|
akuthethanga
|
okungathethanga
|
kungathethanga
|
class 17
|
kuthethile, kuthethē
|
okuthethile, okuthethē
|
kuthethile, kuthethē
|
akuthethanga
|
okungathethanga
|
kungathethanga
|
|
remote past
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāthetha
|
engāthetha
|
ngāthetha
|
angithethanga
|
engingathethanga
|
ngingathethanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāthetha
|
owāthetha
|
wāthetha
|
awuthethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
ungathethanga
|
1st plural
|
sāthetha
|
esāthetha
|
sāthetha
|
asithethanga
|
esingathethanga
|
singathethanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāthetha
|
enāthetha
|
nāthetha
|
anithethanga
|
eningathethanga
|
ningathethanga
|
class 1
|
wāthetha
|
owāthetha
|
āthetha
|
akathethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
engathethanga
|
class 2
|
bāthetha
|
abāthetha
|
bāthetha
|
abathethanga
|
abangathethanga
|
bengathethanga
|
class 3
|
wāthetha
|
owāthetha
|
wāthetha
|
awuthethanga
|
ongathethanga
|
ungathethanga
|
class 4
|
yāthetha
|
eyāthetha
|
yāthetha
|
ayithethanga
|
engathethanga
|
ingathethanga
|
class 5
|
lāthetha
|
elāthetha
|
lāthetha
|
alithethanga
|
elingathethanga
|
lingathethanga
|
class 6
|
āthetha
|
āthetha
|
āthetha
|
awathethanga
|
angathethanga
|
engathethanga
|
class 7
|
sāthetha
|
esāthetha
|
sāthetha
|
asithethanga
|
esingathethanga
|
singathethanga
|
class 8
|
zāthetha
|
ezāthetha
|
zāthetha
|
azithethanga
|
ezingathethanga
|
zingathethanga
|
class 9
|
yāthetha
|
eyāthetha
|
yāthetha
|
ayithethanga
|
engathethanga
|
ingathethanga
|
class 10
|
zāthetha
|
ezāthetha
|
zāthetha
|
azithethanga
|
ezingathethanga
|
zingathethanga
|
class 11
|
lwāthetha
|
olwāthetha
|
lwāthetha
|
aluthethanga
|
olungathethanga
|
lungathethanga
|
class 14
|
bāthetha
|
obāthetha
|
bāthetha
|
abuthethanga
|
obungathethanga
|
bungathethanga
|
class 15
|
kwāthetha
|
okwāthetha
|
kwāthetha
|
akuthethanga
|
okungathethanga
|
kungathethanga
|
class 17
|
kwāthetha
|
okwāthetha
|
kwāthetha
|
akuthethanga
|
okungathethanga
|
kungathethanga
|
|
potential
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingathetha
|
—
|
ngingathetha
|
ngingethethe
|
—
|
ngingethethe
|
2nd singular
|
ungathetha
|
—
|
ungathetha
|
ungethethe
|
—
|
ungethethe
|
1st plural
|
singathetha
|
—
|
singathetha
|
singethethe
|
—
|
singethethe
|
2nd plural
|
ningathetha
|
—
|
ningathetha
|
ningethethe
|
—
|
ningethethe
|
class 1
|
angathetha
|
—
|
engathetha
|
angethethe
|
—
|
engethethe
|
class 2
|
bangathetha
|
—
|
bengathetha
|
bangethethe
|
—
|
bengethethe
|
class 3
|
ungathetha
|
—
|
ungathetha
|
ungethethe
|
—
|
ungethethe
|
class 4
|
ingathetha
|
—
|
ingathetha
|
ingethethe
|
—
|
ingethethe
|
class 5
|
lingathetha
|
—
|
lingathetha
|
lingethethe
|
—
|
lingethethe
|
class 6
|
angathetha
|
—
|
engathetha
|
angethethe
|
—
|
engethethe
|
class 7
|
singathetha
|
—
|
singathetha
|
singethethe
|
—
|
singethethe
|
class 8
|
zingathetha
|
—
|
zingathetha
|
zingethethe
|
—
|
zingethethe
|
class 9
|
ingathetha
|
—
|
ingathetha
|
ingethethe
|
—
|
ingethethe
|
class 10
|
zingathetha
|
—
|
zingathetha
|
zingethethe
|
—
|
zingethethe
|
class 11
|
lungathetha
|
—
|
lungathetha
|
lungethethe
|
—
|
lungethethe
|
class 14
|
bungathetha
|
—
|
bungathetha
|
bungethethe
|
—
|
bungethethe
|
class 15
|
kungathetha
|
—
|
kungathetha
|
kungethethe
|
—
|
kungethethe
|
class 17
|
kungathetha
|
—
|
kungathetha
|
kungethethe
|
—
|
kungethethe
|
|
immediate future
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizothetha
|
engizothetha
|
ngizothetha
|
angizuthetha
|
engingezuthetha
|
ngingezuthetha
|
2nd singular
|
uzothetha
|
ozothetha
|
uzothetha
|
awuzuthetha
|
ongezuthetha
|
ungezuthetha
|
1st plural
|
sizothetha
|
esizothetha
|
sizothetha
|
asizuthetha
|
esingezuthetha
|
singezuthetha
|
2nd plural
|
nizothetha
|
enizothetha
|
nizothetha
|
anizuthetha
|
eningezuthetha
|
ningezuthetha
|
class 1
|
uzothetha
|
ozothetha
|
ezothetha
|
akazuthetha
|
ongezuthetha
|
engezuthetha
|
class 2
|
bazothetha
|
abazothetha
|
bezothetha
|
abazuthetha
|
abangezuthetha
|
bengezuthetha
|
class 3
|
uzothetha
|
ozothetha
|
uzothetha
|
awuzuthetha
|
ongezuthetha
|
ungezuthetha
|
class 4
|
izothetha
|
ezothetha
|
izothetha
|
ayizuthetha
|
engezuthetha
|
ingezuthetha
|
class 5
|
lizothetha
|
elizothetha
|
lizothetha
|
alizuthetha
|
elingezuthetha
|
lingezuthetha
|
class 6
|
azothetha
|
azothetha
|
ezothetha
|
awazuthetha
|
angezuthetha
|
engezuthetha
|
class 7
|
sizothetha
|
esizothetha
|
sizothetha
|
asizuthetha
|
esingezuthetha
|
singezuthetha
|
class 8
|
zizothetha
|
ezizothetha
|
zizothetha
|
azizuthetha
|
ezingezuthetha
|
zingezuthetha
|
class 9
|
izothetha
|
ezothetha
|
izothetha
|
ayizuthetha
|
engezuthetha
|
ingezuthetha
|
class 10
|
zizothetha
|
ezizothetha
|
zizothetha
|
azizuthetha
|
ezingezuthetha
|
zingezuthetha
|
class 11
|
luzothetha
|
oluzothetha
|
luzothetha
|
aluzuthetha
|
olungezuthetha
|
lungezuthetha
|
class 14
|
buzothetha
|
obuzothetha
|
buzothetha
|
abuzuthetha
|
obungezuthetha
|
bungezuthetha
|
class 15
|
kuzothetha
|
okuzothetha
|
kuzothetha
|
akuzuthetha
|
okungezuthetha
|
kungezuthetha
|
class 17
|
kuzothetha
|
okuzothetha
|
kuzothetha
|
akuzuthetha
|
okungezuthetha
|
kungezuthetha
|
|
remote future
|
|
positive absolute
|
positive relative
|
positive participial
|
negative absolute
|
negative relative
|
negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyothetha
|
engiyothetha
|
ngiyothetha
|
angiyuthetha
|
engingeyuthetha
|
ngingeyuthetha
|
2nd singular
|
uyothetha
|
oyothetha
|
uyothetha
|
awuyuthetha
|
ongeyuthetha
|
ungeyuthetha
|
1st plural
|
siyothetha
|
esiyothetha
|
siyothetha
|
asiyuthetha
|
esingeyuthetha
|
singeyuthetha
|
2nd plural
|
niyothetha
|
eniyothetha
|
niyothetha
|
aniyuthetha
|
eningeyuthetha
|
ningeyuthetha
|
class 1
|
uyothetha
|
oyothetha
|
eyothetha
|
akayuthetha
|
ongeyuthetha
|
engeyuthetha
|
class 2
|
bayothetha
|
abayothetha
|
beyothetha
|
abayuthetha
|
abangeyuthetha
|
bengeyuthetha
|
class 3
|
uyothetha
|
oyothetha
|
uyothetha
|
awuyuthetha
|
ongeyuthetha
|
ungeyuthetha
|
class 4
|
iyothetha
|
eyothetha
|
iyothetha
|
ayiyuthetha
|
engeyuthetha
|
ingeyuthetha
|
class 5
|
liyothetha
|
eliyothetha
|
liyothetha
|
aliyuthetha
|
elingeyuthetha
|
lingeyuthetha
|
class 6
|
ayothetha
|
ayothetha
|
eyothetha
|
awayuthetha
|
angeyuthetha
|
engeyuthetha
|
class 7
|
siyothetha
|
esiyothetha
|
siyothetha
|
asiyuthetha
|
esingeyuthetha
|
singeyuthetha
|
class 8
|
ziyothetha
|
eziyothetha
|
ziyothetha
|
aziyuthetha
|
ezingeyuthetha
|
zingeyuthetha
|
class 9
|
iyothetha
|
eyothetha
|
iyothetha
|
ayiyuthetha
|
engeyuthetha
|
ingeyuthetha
|
class 10
|
ziyothetha
|
eziyothetha
|
ziyothetha
|
aziyuthetha
|
ezingeyuthetha
|
zingeyuthetha
|
class 11
|
luyothetha
|
oluyothetha
|
luyothetha
|
aluyuthetha
|
olungeyuthetha
|
lungeyuthetha
|
class 14
|
buyothetha
|
obuyothetha
|
buyothetha
|
abuyuthetha
|
obungeyuthetha
|
bungeyuthetha
|
class 15
|
kuyothetha
|
okuyothetha
|
kuyothetha
|
akuyuthetha
|
okungeyuthetha
|
kungeyuthetha
|
class 17
|
kuyothetha
|
okuyothetha
|
kuyothetha
|
akuyuthetha
|
okungeyuthetha
|
kungeyuthetha
|
|
|
present subjunctive
|
|
positive
|
negative
|
1st singular
|
ngithethe
|
ngingathethi
|
2nd singular
|
uthethe
|
ungathethi
|
1st plural
|
sithethe
|
singathethi
|
2nd plural
|
nithethe
|
ningathethi
|
class 1
|
athethe
|
angathethi
|
class 2
|
bathethe
|
bangathethi
|
class 3
|
uthethe
|
ungathethi
|
class 4
|
ithethe
|
ingathethi
|
class 5
|
lithethe
|
lingathethi
|
class 6
|
athethe
|
angathethi
|
class 7
|
sithethe
|
singathethi
|
class 8
|
zithethe
|
zingathethi
|
class 9
|
ithethe
|
ingathethi
|
class 10
|
zithethe
|
zingathethi
|
class 11
|
luthethe
|
lungathethi
|
class 14
|
buthethe
|
bungathethi
|
class 15
|
kuthethe
|
kungathethi
|
class 17
|
kuthethe
|
kungathethi
|
|
|
past subjunctive
|
|
positive
|
negative
|
1st singular
|
ngathetha
|
ngangathetha, angathetha, angangathetha
|
2nd singular
|
wathetha
|
wangathetha, awathetha, awangathetha
|
1st plural
|
sathetha
|
sangathetha, asathetha, asangathetha
|
2nd plural
|
nathetha
|
nangathetha, anathetha, anangathetha
|
class 1
|
wathetha
|
wangathetha, akathetha, akangathetha
|
class 2
|
bathetha
|
bangathetha, abathetha, abangathetha
|
class 3
|
wathetha
|
wangathetha, awathetha, awangathetha
|
class 4
|
yathetha
|
yangathetha, ayathetha, ayangathetha
|
class 5
|
lathetha
|
langathetha, alathetha, alangathetha
|
class 6
|
athetha
|
angathetha, awathetha, awangathetha
|
class 7
|
sathetha
|
sangathetha, asathetha, asangathetha
|
class 8
|
zathetha
|
zangathetha, azathetha, azangathetha
|
class 9
|
yathetha
|
yangathetha, ayathetha, ayangathetha
|
class 10
|
zathetha
|
zangathetha, azathetha, azangathetha
|
class 11
|
lwathetha
|
lwangathetha, alwathetha, alwangathetha
|
class 14
|
bathetha
|
bangathetha, abathetha, abangathetha
|
class 15
|
kwathetha
|
kwangathetha, akwathetha, akwangathetha
|
class 17
|
kwathetha
|
kwangathetha, akwathetha, akwangathetha
|