summer

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmə(ɹ)/
• (General American) enPR: sŭmʹər, IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmɚ/

• Audio (US):

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• Hyphenation: sum‧mer
• Rhymes: -ʌmə(ɹ)

From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor (“summer”), from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó-, oblique of *semh₂- (“summer, year”).

Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer (“summer”), West Frisian simmer (“summer”), Saterland Frisian Suumer (“summer”), Dutch zomer (“summer”), Low German Sommer (“summer”), German Sommer (“summer”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer (“summer”), Swedish sommar (“summer”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar (“summer”), Welsh haf (“summer”), Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-, “summer”), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn, “summer”), Northern Kurdish havîn (“summer”), Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn, “summer”).

• somer (obsolete or eye dialect)
• sommer (obsolete)

summer (countable and uncountable, plural summers)

2. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as being from June 21 to September 22 or 23 in parts of the USA, the months of June, July and August in the United Kingdom and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.

   the heat of summer

   • 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     At twilight in the summer there is never anybody to fear—man, woman, or cat—in the chambers and at that hour the mice come out. They do not eat parchment or foolscap or red tape, but they eat the luncheon crumbs.

   • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

     A chap named Eleazir Kendrick and I had chummed in together the summer afore and built a fish-weir and shanty at Setuckit Point, down Orham way. For a spell we done pretty well.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

     A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed. ¶ ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

3. (poetic or humorous) year; used to give the age of a person, usually a young one.

   He was barely eighteen summers old.

   She had seen not more than twenty summers.

4. (figuratively) Most flourishing, happy, or beautiful period; golden age, prime.
   • 1829, Edgar Allan Poe, “Tamerlane”, in Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems:

     O! craving heart, for the lost flowers
     And sunshine of my summer hours!

5. (countable, fashion) Someone with light, pinkish skin that has a blue undertone, light hair and eyes, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.

• Note that season names are not capitalized in modern English except where any noun would be capitalized, e.g. at the beginning of a sentence or as part of a name (Old Man Winter, the Winter War, Summer Glau). This is in contrast to the days of the week and months of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday or September).

• winter

• spring, autumn, fall

summer (third-person singular simple present summers, present participle summering, simple past and past participle summered)

1. (intransitive) To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.

   We like to summer in the Mediterranean.

• æstival, aestival, estival

From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

summer (plural summers)

2. (architecture) A horizontal beam supporting a building.

   Synonyms: summerbeam, summertree

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 43, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 146:

     And we are warned, that the foundation or maine summers of our houses faile and shrinke, when we see the quarters bend, or wals to breake.

3. (obsolete) A pack-horse.

From sum +‎ -er.

summer (plural summers)

1. A person who sums.
2. A machine or algorithm that sums.

   Synonym: totaller

   • 2014, Michael R. Lindeburg, chapter 48, in FE Mechanical Review Manual, page 2:

     A basic feedback system consists of ... and a summing point (comparator or summer).

   • 2016, George H. Olsen, Ian Burdess, Computers and Microprocessors: Made Simple, page 36:

     The output of the summer is therefore fed into the input of the first integrator.

• summer-up

• adder

• Summer, Summerd, sòmmer, ŝchummer, ŝchumer

From Old High German sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz. Cognate with German Sommer, English summer, Dutch zomer, West Frisian simmer, Icelandic sumar.

summer m

1. (Issime, Formazza) summer

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

• sumar (Timau)
• sumber (Sauris)

summer

1. (Sappada) summer

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

From Middle High German sumer, from Old High German sumar, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”). Cognate with German Sommer, English summer.

summer m

1. summer

• (seasons) jorzaitn; langes, summer, binter, herbest ^{(Category: mhn:Seasons)}

• “summer” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

summer m

1. indefinite plural of sum

summer

1. present of summe

• somier, somer, somiere, sumer

From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.

summer oblique singular, m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

1. summer (pack horse)
2. summer (beam)

• → Middle English: sumer
  • English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

• summer on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub