pseudocardinal

From pseudo- +‎ cardinal.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsudoʊˌkɑɹdɪnəl/

pseudocardinal (plural pseudocardinals)

1. (historical, ecclesiastical, chiefly in medieval and early modern history) A cardinal appointed by an antipope and consequently seen as illegitimate by the pope and those who recognize him.
   • 1869, Charles Isidore Hemans, A History of Mediaeval Christianity and Sacred Art in Italy: A.D. 900-1350, page 119:

     Other writers […] conclude that […] Gregory remained long enough not only to be reinstated at the Lateran palace, but also to reform certain flagrant abuses, and order the expulsion of pseudo-cardinals nominated by the Antipope.

   • 1875, Catholic World, page 365:

     It owes its origin to the schism which Alexander V. attempted to heal in 1409 by forming one body of his own (the legitimate) and of the pseudocardinals of the anti-pope Benedict XIII.

   • 1995, Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 688:

     At the same time, however, he instructed his envoys to Paris to explain to the dukes that cession without a determination of rights could lead to something far worse than schism, namely ‘to adore an idol on earth’ — a pope elected by pseudo-cardinals.

   • 2013, Franz Posset, Marcus Marulus and the Biblia Latina of 1489: An Approach to His Biblical Hermeneutics, →ISBN, page 26:

     He was created cardinal by Antipope Felix V, thus he would be considered by some as a ‘pseudocardinal’ […]

   • 2016 January 1, John B. Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth, Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 304:

     Frederick warned Hugh not to receive the former papal chancellor, who was an enemy of the Reich, his pseudo-cardinals, or any of his envoys […]

   • 2017, Yvonne Friedman, Religion and Peace: Historical Aspects, Routledge, →ISBN:

     According to the vita, Ursulina was readily received by the “antipope,” having been aided by an introduction from the “pseudocardinal” Pierre du Puy. The pope received her alone, and she threatened him with hell unless he abdicated.

2. (malacology) A type of tooth found on the shells of some bivalve molluscs.
   • 1922, WB Marshall, “New pearly fresh water mussels from South America”, in Proceedings of the US National Museum, volume 61, number 2437:

     Right valve with three pseudocardinal teeth, the front one being strongest, high and triangular, the second low and longer, the posterior one indistinctly differentiated from the hinge plate.

   • 1997, SM Martin, “Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Maine”, in Northeastern Naturalist:

     True clams are said to have "cardinal" teeth, so named because of their proximity to the heart (the Greek kardia means "heart"); freshwater mussel pseudocardinals are not so positioned.

• pseudo-cardinal

• antipope
• antibishop