膽

See also: 胆

膽	U+81BD, 膽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81BD

← 膼
[U+81BC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

膾 →
[U+81BE]

Translingual

Japanese	胆
Simplified	胆
Traditional	膽

Han character

膽 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 月弓金口 (BNCR), four-corner 7726₁, composition ⿰月詹)

Descendants

胆

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 995, character 23
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29933
Dae Jaweon: page 1446, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2117, character 7
Unihan data for U+81BD

Chinese

trad.		膽
simp.		胆

Wikipedia has articles on:

膽 (臟腑) (Written Standard Chinese^?)
Gallbladder (English)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 膽
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (詹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
甔	toːm, taːm, *taːms
擔	taːm, taːms
儋	*ʔl'aːm
聸	*taːm
膽	*taːmʔ
黵	taːmʔ, tjamʔ
澹	daːm, daːmʔ, *daːms
憺	daːmʔ, daːms
瞻	*tjam
詹	*tjam
蟾	tjam, djam
噡	*tjam
譫	tjam, daːb, *tjaːb
幨	tʰjam, tʰjams
襜	tʰjam, tʰjams
韂	*tʰjams
贍	*djams
檐	*lam
簷	*lam
舚	tʰeːm, tʰeːms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːmʔ) : semantic ⺼ (“body part”) + phonetic 詹 (OC *tjam).

Etymology

Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Vietic *lɔːm, Proto-Katuic *lɔɔm, Proto-Bahnaric *kləːm, etc. from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ləəm ~ *t₁luəm "liver".

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dǎn (dan³)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄢˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): daam²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): am²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): tám

(Meixian, Guangdong): dam³
Eastern Min (BUC): dāng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): táⁿ / tám

(Teochew, Peng'im): dan²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵te

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dǎn
  - Wade–Giles: tan³
  - Yale: dǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daan
  - Palladius: дань (danʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tän²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: daam²
  - Yale: dáam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: daam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: dam²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: am²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /am⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tám
  - Hakka Romanization System: dam^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dam³
  - Sinological IPA: /tam³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: dam³
  - Sinological IPA: /tam³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: táⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dvar
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tã⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tã⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tã⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tám
  - Tâi-lô: tám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: darm
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tam⁴¹/

Note:

táⁿ - vernacular;
tám - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: dan²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: táⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /tã⁵²/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵te
  - MiniDict: te^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²te
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te³⁴/

Middle Chinese: tamX

Rime
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都敢切
Baxter	tamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tɑm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tɑm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tɑm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tam^X/
Li Rong	/tɑm^X/
Wang Li	/tɑm^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/tɑm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	daam²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]ˤamʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*taːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ tam^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]ˁamʔ/
English	gall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
No.	16751
Phonetic component	詹
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	膽
Old Chinese	/*taːmʔ/

Definitions

膽

(anatomy) gallbladder
- 魏兵爭欲報讎，共剖維腹，其膽大如雞卵。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  魏兵争欲报雠，共剖维腹，其胆大如鸡卵。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE
  Wèibīng zhēng yù bàochóu, gòng pōu Wéi fù, qí dǎn dà rú jīluǎn. [Pinyin]
  The Wei soldiers, craving vengeance, competed [to wreak it], and they sliced open [Jiang] Wei's belly; his gallbladder was as big as a hen's egg.
膽囊／胆囊 ― dǎnnáng ― gall bladder
(figurative) guts; courage; bravery; strength; nerve
- 先主明旦自來至雲營圍視昨戰處，曰：「子龍一身都是膽也。」 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  先主明旦自来至云营围视昨战处，曰：「子龙一身都是胆也。」 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5^th century CE
  Xiānzhǔ míngdàn zì lái zhì Yún yíng wéi shì zuó zhàn chù, yuē: “Zǐlóng yīshēn dōu shì dǎn yě.” [Pinyin]
  The next day, the Former Master himself came to [Zhao] Yun's camp and surveyed the battlefield from the day before; he said: "Zilong is truly courage all over."
大膽／大胆 ― dàdǎn ― bold

冇膽鬼／冇胆鬼 [Cantonese] ― mou⁵ daam² gwai² [Jyutping] ― coward
inner container; liner (of a thermos); bladder (of a ball)
vacuum tube
(gambling) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
膽拖／胆拖 [Cantonese] ― daam² to¹ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

(guts):

edit

勇氣／勇气 (yǒngqì)
種／种 (colloquial)
腰子 (yāozi) (colloquial, figurative)
膽子／胆子 (dǎnzi)
膽量／胆量 (dǎnliàng)
膽頭／胆头 (Hokkien)

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	胆
Kyūjitai	膽

Kanji

膽

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 胆)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: たん (tan)
Kan-on: たん (tan)
Kun: きも (kimo, 膽)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膽 (MC tamX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	담〯 (Yale: tǎm)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[1]	ᄡᅳᆯ게 (Yale: psùlkèy)	담 (Yale: tàm)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ta̠(ː)m]
Phonetic hangul: [담(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

膽

Wikisource

膽 (eumhun 쓸개 담 (sseulgae dam))

hanja form^? of 담 (“gall bladder”)
hanja form^? of 담 (“courage; nerve”)

Compounds

간담 (肝膽, gandam)
낙담 (落膽, nakdam)
대담 (大膽, daedam)
담력 (膽力, damnyeok)
담관 (膽管, damgwan)
웅담 (熊膽, ungdam)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

膽: Hán Nôm readings: đảm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.