努

努 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 4742₇, composition ⿱奴力)

• 𠴂, 𢭵

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
• Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 369, character 4
• Unihan data for U+52AA

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).

努

1. to exert; to strive; to make an effort

   努力  ―  nǔlì  ―  to make an effort

2. to bulge; to pout
3. (dialectal) to inure oneself through overexertion
4. (Cantonese) to push something out of the body by contracting abdominal muscles and increasing abdominal pressure

   努屎 [Cantonese]  ―  nou⁵ si² [Jyutping]  ―  to strain to poop

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

• Go-on: ぬ (nu)
• Kan-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとむ (tsutomu, 努む)、つとめる (tsutomeru, 努める, Jōyō)
• Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)

Middle Chinese 努 (nuo^X)

• (Tokyo) ど [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [do̞]

努(ど) • (do) 

1. work, toil

努(ど) • (do) 

1. the third of the Eight Principles of Yong

• 永(えい)字(じ)八(はっ)法(ぽう) (Eiji Happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)

• 側(そく) (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 勒(ろく) (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 趯(てき) (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 策(さく) (saku, “the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 掠(りゃく) (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 啄(たく) (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 磔(たく) (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)

Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).

• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨto̞mɯ̟]

努(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

努 (eumhun 힘쓸 노 (himsseul no))

1. hanja form^? of 노 (“exertion; striving; making an effort”)

• 노력 (努力, noryeok, “effort”)

努: Hán Nôm readings: nỗ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.