The War Powers Act of 1941, also known as the First War Powers Act, was an American emergency law that increased federal power during World War II. The act was signed into law by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 18, 1941, less than two weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The act was similar to the Departmental Reorganization Act of 1917 as it was signed shortly before the U.S. engaged in a large war and increased the powers of the U.S. Executive Branch.[1]
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| Long title | An Act to expedite the prosecution of the war effort. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | First War Powers Act, 1941 |
| Enacted by | the 77th United States Congress |
| Effective | December 18, 1941 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 77–354 |
| Statutes at Large | 55 Stat. 838, Chap. 593 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense |
| U.S.C. sections created | 50a U.S.C. §§ 601-605 |
| Legislative history | |
| |
The act gave the President enormous authority to execute World War II in an efficient manner. The president was authorized to reorganize the executive branch, independent government agencies, and government corporations for the war cause. With the act, the President was allowed to censor mail and other forms of communication between the United States and foreign countries. The act and all changes created by its power were to remain intact until six months after the end of the war at which time, the act would become defunct.
Three months after passing the first, the Second War Powers Act was passed on March 27, 1942.[2] This further strengthened the executive branch powers towards executing World War II. This act allowed the acquisition, under condemnation if necessary, of land for military or naval purposes. Some provisions of the Hatch Act of 1939 were also suspended which reduced naturalization standards for aliens within the U.S. Armed Forces. In addition, it created methods for war-related production contracting along with adjusting several other aspects of government affairs.[1] The Second War Powers Act also repealed the confidentiality of census data, allowing the FBI to use this information to round up Japanese-Americans.[3]
Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson retroactively delegated his authority from the President under the War Powers Act of 1941 to Leslie Groves for the Manhattan Project. The authority, given in a memorandum to Groves dated April 17, 1944, was retroactive to September 1, 1942. The written delegation was only given in 1944 when Grove's deputy Kenneth Nichols was about to sign a large contract with Du Pont, and it was found that he only had a low delegated authority, as Nichols' higher authority for the Manhattan Project had only been given verbally by General Styer to his predecessor Colonel James C. Marshall.[4]
See also
editNotes
edit- First War Powers Act, 55 Stat. 838, House Bill 6233, December 18, 1941
- Second War Powers Act, 56 Stat. 176, Senate Bill 2208, March 27, 1942
References
edit- ^ a b Mahoney, Dennis J. (1941). "First War Powers Act 55 Stat. 838 (1941)". Novel Guide. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
- ^ "Second War Powers Act, 1942 - P.L. 77-507" (PDF). 56 Stat. 176 ~ Senate Bill 2208. Legis★Works. March 27, 1942. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2015.
- ^ Minkel, JR (March 30, 2007). "Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans and Italian-Americans in WW II". Scientific American. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
- ^ Nichols, Kenneth D. The Road to Trinity page 132 (1987, Morrow, New York) ISBN 068806910X
External links
edit- "50 U.S.C. - First War Powers Act, 1941" (PDF). Title 50 - Appendix-War and National Defense. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
- Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 9300 on Subversive Activities by Federal Employees.," February 5, 1943". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
- Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 9327 Establishing the Committee for Congested Production Areas.," April 7, 1943". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
